Powers and Borders Case Study – impact of global governance of sovereignty or territorial integrity: Mali
Context:
• Contested boundaries: Arbitrary division of land in West Africa during French colonial rule > no regard for tribal claims to different areas.
• Tuareg independence movement: Tuareg tribe in northern Mali claimed a large region (Azawad) in 2012
• Ethnic tensions and terrorist groups: Islamist militants operate in northern Mali and seek to claim territory.
• Political crisis: Two coups (overthrowing of elected government) by the Mali army have taken place since Mali.
Global governance interventions in Mali
Organisation Aims Successes? Limitations
UN (MINUSMA) Security, political stabilization and protection of Brought short term stabilisation to Mali > enabled peaceful 2013 elections Overpowered by Jihadist groups in northern Mal
civilians and 2015 Peace Agreement > supported government to much on central Mali instead of northern regi
Mainly stationed in major cities (Gao, Timbuktu and UN Operation ‘Winner 7’ > aims to protect civilians and support the UN accused by Malian government + Tuareg ‘reb
Bamako) redeployment of Malian State Defence and Security Forces in Mali. > supports use of Apache helicopters to kill Tuareg fighters t
Mali government state apparatus
Half of all the Blue Helmets killed in Mali – UN pe
GDP per capita is recovering slowly >$879 in 2020 Vs $495 in 2015 > periods exactly half of what?) > conflict ongoing – UN ap
of peace bring more economic stability effect.
ECOWAS Promote economic cooperation to help raise living Have been involved in mediation and returning power to civilian Socio-economic inequalities between south and
standards in West Africa. administration- following 2012 and 2020 military coup underdeveloped and under-represented politica
electricity Vs. 86% urban areas > > political unres
Instrumental in 2015 Peace deal which the Mali government formulated with
the Tuareg, providing some degree of autonomy in the north. Cultural and linguistic divisions of Ethnic groups
challenges for peace.
Declaration on Mali peace accord, preserves the sovereignty, territorial
integrity and unity of Mali. Periodic fighting (Militant Islamists and separatis
forces) destabilise whole regions > particularly n
Gao and Kidal.
Mediators failed to persuade the leaders of a mi
power to a civilian government.
NGOs To provide quick and effective support for people in Provided assistance to local communities in areas that need humanitarian aid Funding is unreliable
(Solidarites Inter life-threatening situations by meeting their vital most: Timbuktu, Kidal, and Gao and Goundam and Segou.
national) needs: water, food and shelter. Extremely difficult to work in areas of armed ban
c.120,000 helped with food insecurity, c.36,000 water/sanitation help > car-jacking, kidnapping of NGO workers and dipl
3 bases: Kidal, Goundam and Sergou – central region > relatively small percentage of population. and land mines.
intervention focussed on the problematic/conflict
areas. CASH programme – Over 150,000 people directly helped Mali is still regularly affected by epidemics (yello
etc.
Context:
• Contested boundaries: Arbitrary division of land in West Africa during French colonial rule > no regard for tribal claims to different areas.
• Tuareg independence movement: Tuareg tribe in northern Mali claimed a large region (Azawad) in 2012
• Ethnic tensions and terrorist groups: Islamist militants operate in northern Mali and seek to claim territory.
• Political crisis: Two coups (overthrowing of elected government) by the Mali army have taken place since Mali.
Global governance interventions in Mali
Organisation Aims Successes? Limitations
UN (MINUSMA) Security, political stabilization and protection of Brought short term stabilisation to Mali > enabled peaceful 2013 elections Overpowered by Jihadist groups in northern Mal
civilians and 2015 Peace Agreement > supported government to much on central Mali instead of northern regi
Mainly stationed in major cities (Gao, Timbuktu and UN Operation ‘Winner 7’ > aims to protect civilians and support the UN accused by Malian government + Tuareg ‘reb
Bamako) redeployment of Malian State Defence and Security Forces in Mali. > supports use of Apache helicopters to kill Tuareg fighters t
Mali government state apparatus
Half of all the Blue Helmets killed in Mali – UN pe
GDP per capita is recovering slowly >$879 in 2020 Vs $495 in 2015 > periods exactly half of what?) > conflict ongoing – UN ap
of peace bring more economic stability effect.
ECOWAS Promote economic cooperation to help raise living Have been involved in mediation and returning power to civilian Socio-economic inequalities between south and
standards in West Africa. administration- following 2012 and 2020 military coup underdeveloped and under-represented politica
electricity Vs. 86% urban areas > > political unres
Instrumental in 2015 Peace deal which the Mali government formulated with
the Tuareg, providing some degree of autonomy in the north. Cultural and linguistic divisions of Ethnic groups
challenges for peace.
Declaration on Mali peace accord, preserves the sovereignty, territorial
integrity and unity of Mali. Periodic fighting (Militant Islamists and separatis
forces) destabilise whole regions > particularly n
Gao and Kidal.
Mediators failed to persuade the leaders of a mi
power to a civilian government.
NGOs To provide quick and effective support for people in Provided assistance to local communities in areas that need humanitarian aid Funding is unreliable
(Solidarites Inter life-threatening situations by meeting their vital most: Timbuktu, Kidal, and Gao and Goundam and Segou.
national) needs: water, food and shelter. Extremely difficult to work in areas of armed ban
c.120,000 helped with food insecurity, c.36,000 water/sanitation help > car-jacking, kidnapping of NGO workers and dipl
3 bases: Kidal, Goundam and Sergou – central region > relatively small percentage of population. and land mines.
intervention focussed on the problematic/conflict
areas. CASH programme – Over 150,000 people directly helped Mali is still regularly affected by epidemics (yello
etc.
