CCRP Complete Study Guide/ 223 Q&A/ 2025.
North Carolina's State Soil - (answers)Cecile
Pedology - (answers)the study of soils
type of parent material, climate, plant and animal life, relief of the land, length of time the other
factors interacted - (answers)Factors that influence soil development
parent material - (answers)unconsolidated, chemically weathered mineral, rock or organic matter
relief of land - (answers)terrain, dimension of land surface
mature soil - (answers)soils with clearley defined layers
immature soil - (answers)soil that lacks well-developed layers
profile - (answers)vertical column of soil
horizons - (answers)soil layers in the profile
O Horizon - (answers)A horizon that is dominated by organic material. It contains fresh and
decaying plant matter from leaves,needles, twigs, moss, lichens, and other organic
accumulations.
A Horizon - (answers)A horizon that is formed at the surface or below the O horizon. It is an
accumulation of organic matter and minerals. It is generally darker than the lower horizons
because of the decaying organic matter. This horizon is where most plant root activity occurs. It
may be referred to as the surface layer in a soil survey.
E Horizon - (answers)The main feature of this horizon is the loss of silicate clay, iron or
aluminum or some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt-sized particles.
,B Horizon - (answers)This horizon lies directly below an A, E, or O horizon. It is referred to as
the subsoil. It is usually lighter colored, denser, and lower in organic matter than upper horizons.
B Horizon - (answers)a type of horizon that is also called the "zone of accumulation"
leaching - (answers)Process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and
carried to lower layers and, in some cases, to groundwater.
fragipan - (answers)dense, nearly impermeable subsurface layer
claypan - (answers)extreme compactness of soil particles
A horizon - (answers)a horizon that is also called the "zone of leaching"
hardpan - (answers)cementation of soil particles
caliche - (answers)layers cemented by calcium carbonate
iron pan - (answers)layers cemented by iron oxide
C Horizon - (answers)Also called the substratum, This layer may consist of less clay or other
less-weathered sediments than the layers above. Partially disintegrated parent material and
mineral particles are in this horizon.
R Horizon - (answers)Also known as the bedrock, this is tje very lowest horizon. It can be within
a few
inches of the surface or many feet below.
texture - (answers)Soil characteristic
,- the percentages of sand, silt and clay in sample of soil
- refers only to mineral particles smaller than 2 millimeters (mm)
soil separate - (answers)- grouping of particle sizes
- sand, silt, and clay
the texture of a soil gives an indication of - (answers)- The relative water-holding capacity
- Mineralogy
- Susceptibility to being transported by wind or water
- Chemical properties
mechanical analysis - (answers)the process by which soil separates are obtained
soil color - (answers)Soil characteristic
-can be used to indicate the organic content and fertility of a soil and/or the type of minerals and
elements that are in the soil
Munsell Soil Color chart - (answers)What is this called?
hue, value and chroma - (answers)characteristics of the Munsell Soil Color chart
hue - (answers)indicates the color's relation to spectral colors such as red, yellow, green, blue,
and purple.
value/brilliance - (answers)- indicates the relative lightness or darkness of the (soil) chip.
- vertically, the chips become lighter as the column progresses from the bottom to the top, and
the _____ increases with each step.
- The notation for ____ consists of numbers from 0 for absolute black to 10 for absolute white.
, chroma - (answers)- the chip color's relative purity or the degree of vividness in contrast to
grayness.
- Horizontally, the chips increase in ___ from left to right.
- The notation for chroma consists of numbers beginning with 0 for neutral grays and increasing
at equal intervals to a maximum of about 20.
achromatic - (answers)-type of soil color
-white, all shades of gray, and black.
-have a neutral hue and a zero chroma, but differ in value.
chromatic - (answers)-type of soil color
-represent various combinations of hue, value, and chroma.
soil color notation - (answers)the color name is written first, followed by the Munsell notation in
parentheses.
Munsell color notation - (answers)the order is hue, value, and chroma, with a space, hue letter,
and succeeding value number, and a diagonal line between the two numbers for value and
chroma.
(Ex: 5YR, value 5, and chroma 6 is yellowish-red 5YR 5/6)
porosity - (answers)Soil characteristic
-refers to the amount and size of spaces between soil or rock particles.
-determines the amount of water that a soil can hold.
-also an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and
management of irrigation systems.
permeability - (answers)Soil characteristic
-refers to the rate of water and air movement through soil or bedrock, if present.
-an indication of downward movement of water when the soil is saturated.
North Carolina's State Soil - (answers)Cecile
Pedology - (answers)the study of soils
type of parent material, climate, plant and animal life, relief of the land, length of time the other
factors interacted - (answers)Factors that influence soil development
parent material - (answers)unconsolidated, chemically weathered mineral, rock or organic matter
relief of land - (answers)terrain, dimension of land surface
mature soil - (answers)soils with clearley defined layers
immature soil - (answers)soil that lacks well-developed layers
profile - (answers)vertical column of soil
horizons - (answers)soil layers in the profile
O Horizon - (answers)A horizon that is dominated by organic material. It contains fresh and
decaying plant matter from leaves,needles, twigs, moss, lichens, and other organic
accumulations.
A Horizon - (answers)A horizon that is formed at the surface or below the O horizon. It is an
accumulation of organic matter and minerals. It is generally darker than the lower horizons
because of the decaying organic matter. This horizon is where most plant root activity occurs. It
may be referred to as the surface layer in a soil survey.
E Horizon - (answers)The main feature of this horizon is the loss of silicate clay, iron or
aluminum or some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt-sized particles.
,B Horizon - (answers)This horizon lies directly below an A, E, or O horizon. It is referred to as
the subsoil. It is usually lighter colored, denser, and lower in organic matter than upper horizons.
B Horizon - (answers)a type of horizon that is also called the "zone of accumulation"
leaching - (answers)Process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and
carried to lower layers and, in some cases, to groundwater.
fragipan - (answers)dense, nearly impermeable subsurface layer
claypan - (answers)extreme compactness of soil particles
A horizon - (answers)a horizon that is also called the "zone of leaching"
hardpan - (answers)cementation of soil particles
caliche - (answers)layers cemented by calcium carbonate
iron pan - (answers)layers cemented by iron oxide
C Horizon - (answers)Also called the substratum, This layer may consist of less clay or other
less-weathered sediments than the layers above. Partially disintegrated parent material and
mineral particles are in this horizon.
R Horizon - (answers)Also known as the bedrock, this is tje very lowest horizon. It can be within
a few
inches of the surface or many feet below.
texture - (answers)Soil characteristic
,- the percentages of sand, silt and clay in sample of soil
- refers only to mineral particles smaller than 2 millimeters (mm)
soil separate - (answers)- grouping of particle sizes
- sand, silt, and clay
the texture of a soil gives an indication of - (answers)- The relative water-holding capacity
- Mineralogy
- Susceptibility to being transported by wind or water
- Chemical properties
mechanical analysis - (answers)the process by which soil separates are obtained
soil color - (answers)Soil characteristic
-can be used to indicate the organic content and fertility of a soil and/or the type of minerals and
elements that are in the soil
Munsell Soil Color chart - (answers)What is this called?
hue, value and chroma - (answers)characteristics of the Munsell Soil Color chart
hue - (answers)indicates the color's relation to spectral colors such as red, yellow, green, blue,
and purple.
value/brilliance - (answers)- indicates the relative lightness or darkness of the (soil) chip.
- vertically, the chips become lighter as the column progresses from the bottom to the top, and
the _____ increases with each step.
- The notation for ____ consists of numbers from 0 for absolute black to 10 for absolute white.
, chroma - (answers)- the chip color's relative purity or the degree of vividness in contrast to
grayness.
- Horizontally, the chips increase in ___ from left to right.
- The notation for chroma consists of numbers beginning with 0 for neutral grays and increasing
at equal intervals to a maximum of about 20.
achromatic - (answers)-type of soil color
-white, all shades of gray, and black.
-have a neutral hue and a zero chroma, but differ in value.
chromatic - (answers)-type of soil color
-represent various combinations of hue, value, and chroma.
soil color notation - (answers)the color name is written first, followed by the Munsell notation in
parentheses.
Munsell color notation - (answers)the order is hue, value, and chroma, with a space, hue letter,
and succeeding value number, and a diagonal line between the two numbers for value and
chroma.
(Ex: 5YR, value 5, and chroma 6 is yellowish-red 5YR 5/6)
porosity - (answers)Soil characteristic
-refers to the amount and size of spaces between soil or rock particles.
-determines the amount of water that a soil can hold.
-also an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and
management of irrigation systems.
permeability - (answers)Soil characteristic
-refers to the rate of water and air movement through soil or bedrock, if present.
-an indication of downward movement of water when the soil is saturated.
