Unit 1 Review/Study Guide
Chapter 1
1. Gathering data within a guiding theoretical framework describes
a. Induction
b. Deduction
c. Parsimony
d. Falsifiability
2. If the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis is correct, then
a. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
less work done
b. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
more work done
c. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
same amount of work done
d. Worker productivity will decrease of workers are paid less
3. The scientific method
a. Relies upon empirical observation
b. Has no mechanism for discarding outdated theories
c. Emphasizes the importance of theory over data
d. Emphasizes the role of data over theory
4. When a person’s word is believed to be true without examination, a belief has been
formed via the method of
a. Science
b. Tenacity
c. Authority
d. A priori
5. When we say that a good theory is falsifiable, we mean
a. That it is base on a false assumption
b. That it makes predictions which can be disproved through empirical observation
c. That hypotheses derived from the theory cannot be proven
d. That is contradicts a priori beliefs about a phenomenon
6. Based on the results of several studies, I form a theory for memory for conversations. Is
this induction or deduction?
7. The scientific method is said to be ____ because it relies on observation of experiences.
8. Theories help us to organize and predict. What does this mean?
9. What does Popper’s Falsifiability View state?
10. True or False: We can directly test a theory
11. What are the four criteria for evaluating a theory?
, Chapter 2
1. An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would
a. Be able to show that old age produces a decrease in memory span
b. Be able to determine that a third variable was involved
c. Make an error because age and memory span are measured on different scales
d. Be able to determine whether there is a relationship between age and memory
span
2. Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the ____ technique
a. Naturalistic
b. Authoritative
c. A priori
d. Correlational
3. Which of the following is true?
a. We can rule out the possible effects of mediating variables in correlational
research
b. As a correlation coefficient increases, we can be more sure that a causal
relationship exists between the two variables
c. It is not possible to correlate two variables that have different scales of
measurement
d. Correlational research cannot demonstrate a causal relationship between two
variables
4. In making scientific observations, pure objectivity
a. Is only possible with naturalistic observation
b. Is only possible with experimentation
c. Is only possible with deviant-case analysis
d. Is never possible
5. Correlation coefficients vary from
a. 0.0 to 1.0
b. -1.0 to 0.0
c. -1.0 to 1.0
d. -10.0 to 10.0
6. Researchers develop a clear, concise definition for a behavior that is to be the focus of
naturalistic observation. This overcomes what problem?
7. What form of reliability is critical to naturalistic observation?
8. Correlation does not equal causation because it struggles with what characteristic of
causal claims?
9. Diet causes changes in mood. What construct will eventually be my IV?
10. Diet causes changes in mood. How might you define diet as an IV
11. Diet causes changes in mood. You assign participants to a “healthy” vs. “unhealthy” diet.
How many levels does your IV have?
12. Do we manipulate the dependent variable?
Chapter 1
1. Gathering data within a guiding theoretical framework describes
a. Induction
b. Deduction
c. Parsimony
d. Falsifiability
2. If the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis is correct, then
a. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
less work done
b. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
more work done
c. Compared to working alone, individuals working in unmonitored groups will get
same amount of work done
d. Worker productivity will decrease of workers are paid less
3. The scientific method
a. Relies upon empirical observation
b. Has no mechanism for discarding outdated theories
c. Emphasizes the importance of theory over data
d. Emphasizes the role of data over theory
4. When a person’s word is believed to be true without examination, a belief has been
formed via the method of
a. Science
b. Tenacity
c. Authority
d. A priori
5. When we say that a good theory is falsifiable, we mean
a. That it is base on a false assumption
b. That it makes predictions which can be disproved through empirical observation
c. That hypotheses derived from the theory cannot be proven
d. That is contradicts a priori beliefs about a phenomenon
6. Based on the results of several studies, I form a theory for memory for conversations. Is
this induction or deduction?
7. The scientific method is said to be ____ because it relies on observation of experiences.
8. Theories help us to organize and predict. What does this mean?
9. What does Popper’s Falsifiability View state?
10. True or False: We can directly test a theory
11. What are the four criteria for evaluating a theory?
, Chapter 2
1. An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would
a. Be able to show that old age produces a decrease in memory span
b. Be able to determine that a third variable was involved
c. Make an error because age and memory span are measured on different scales
d. Be able to determine whether there is a relationship between age and memory
span
2. Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the ____ technique
a. Naturalistic
b. Authoritative
c. A priori
d. Correlational
3. Which of the following is true?
a. We can rule out the possible effects of mediating variables in correlational
research
b. As a correlation coefficient increases, we can be more sure that a causal
relationship exists between the two variables
c. It is not possible to correlate two variables that have different scales of
measurement
d. Correlational research cannot demonstrate a causal relationship between two
variables
4. In making scientific observations, pure objectivity
a. Is only possible with naturalistic observation
b. Is only possible with experimentation
c. Is only possible with deviant-case analysis
d. Is never possible
5. Correlation coefficients vary from
a. 0.0 to 1.0
b. -1.0 to 0.0
c. -1.0 to 1.0
d. -10.0 to 10.0
6. Researchers develop a clear, concise definition for a behavior that is to be the focus of
naturalistic observation. This overcomes what problem?
7. What form of reliability is critical to naturalistic observation?
8. Correlation does not equal causation because it struggles with what characteristic of
causal claims?
9. Diet causes changes in mood. What construct will eventually be my IV?
10. Diet causes changes in mood. How might you define diet as an IV
11. Diet causes changes in mood. You assign participants to a “healthy” vs. “unhealthy” diet.
How many levels does your IV have?
12. Do we manipulate the dependent variable?
