Summary Psychological prevention, intervention, and therapies

PSYCHOLOGICAL
PREVENTION,
INTERVENTION, AND
THERAPIES (2425-PSY3392)
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Abstract
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Lecture 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2
Task 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Task 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Lecture 2 Theory and practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy ............................................... 23
Task 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Task 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 33
Lecture 3: Schema therapy: theory and practice ........................................................................... 39
Task 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Task 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 49




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,Lecture 1: Introduction
Psychological
- Prevention
- Intervention
- Therapies

Psychological treatment:
- APA: ‘Any psychological service provided by a trained professional that primarily uses forms of
communication and interaction to assess, diagnose and treat dysfunctional emotional reactions, ways of
thinking, and behaviour patterns.’
 ‘Talk therapy’
- Treatment of psychopathology
- Non-pharmacological, not brain-based

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis
- Influence of unconscious on behaviour
- Id: primitive desires
- Ego: rational thought
- Sperego: moral conscience
- Psychosexual stages
- Free association and dream analysis
 No evidence base/therapy is a constant search for this inner
conflict

Modern psychoanalysis:
- Also referred to as psychodynamic therapy
- Founded by Carl Jung and colleagues
- Less dogmatic
- Targeted exploration of the past events and their influence on current behaviour
 Limited standardization, long duration, potential harm

Humanistic therapy:
- Partly emerged as counter reaction to psychoanalysis
- Focus on the way that humans:
o Experience the world
o Relate to others
o Create meaningful life
- Focus on person as whole (also the good)
- Many streams:
o Person-centred
o Gestalt
o Psychodrama
 Limited consensus, evidence?

Behavioural therapy
- Derived from behaviourism (Skinner and Pavlov)
- Problematic behaviour is based on problematic learning
- Classical and operant conditioning
Focus on changing maladaptive behaviour:
- Systemic desensitization/ exposure
- Aversion therapy
 No attention to inner world

Cognitive behavioural therapy:
- Founded by Aaron Beck
- More focus on internal processes: the way that people feel is determined by the way in which they
interpret or appraise situations rather than by the situations per se
- Cognitive biases can lead to flawed interpretation and unhelpful thoughts
o Selective abstraction: drawing conclusions on the basis of just one of many elements of a
situation
o Minimisation: downplaying the importance of a positive thought, emotion or event
o Personalisation: attributing personal responsibility for events which aren’t under a person’s
control
o Arbitrary interference: drawing conclusions when there is little or no evidence
o Magnification: blowing things out of proportion


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, o Overgeneralisation: making sweeping conclusions based on a single event

Third-wave behavioural therapy
 CBT focuses (too much?) on changing thought content
- Rise of third-wave therapies that focus on context and function of behaviour
- Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)




ACT:
Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT): 6 components
o Contact with present moment
o Values
o Committed action
o Self as context
o Defusion
o Acceptance




Family-based therapy:
- Founded by Murray Bowen, Salvador Minuchin and Virginia Stair in 1950-1960.
- Considers the client to be an element in a system
- Persons surrounding the individual (and their beliefs and values)
- The client is an element in a system
- Especially relevant if system can maintain the problem (i.e. substance abuse disorder, eating disorder)

Therapy = protocol?
- No one single best therapy
- Eclective therapy
- What works? (research)
- What works for whom? (research)

Where do clinical psychologists work?
In clinical settings:
- Hospital (academic or general)
- Mental health care facilities
- Expertise centres (ADHD)
- Primary care or private practice
In other settings:
- Forensic institutes
- Education
- Research

What makes a good psychologist?
- Conversational and interpersonal relationship skills
- Evidence-based practice
- Reflective practice
- Competencies
- Integrity




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