Test Bank For Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020 19th Edition Papadakis, McPhee Complete Guide

TEST BANK For CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Pedia
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trics 27th Edition by Maya Bunik; William W. Hay
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Whatnshouldnbenincludedninnthenhistorynwhennrenalndiseasenisnsuspected?n-
nANSWER:nPrecedingnacutenornchronicnillnesses,nrashesnornjointnpain/swelling,ngrowthn

delaynornfailurentonthrive,nurinarynsymptoms,nhematuria/proteinuria,npain,nsuddennwe
ightngain/lossnornedema,ndrug/toxinnexposure,nperinatalnhistory,nfamilynhistorynofnkidn
eyndisease

Whatnarenimportantnaspectsnofnthenphysicalnexaminationnfornevaluatingnthenkidneynan
dnurinaryntract?n-
nANSWER:nHeight,nweight,ngrowthnpercentiles,nskinnlesions,npallor,nedema,nskeletalnde

formities,nanomaliesnofnears/eyes/externalngenitalia,nbloodnpressurenmeasurement,na
bdominalnpalpationnandnauscultation

Whatnshouldnbenassessednduringnbloodnpressurenmeasurementninnanchild?n-
nANSWER:nMeasuredninnanquietnsetting,nwithnanmanualncuffnofnappropriatensize,ninnthen

rightnuppernextremity,nchildnseatednwithnfeetnflatnonnthenground,ncuffncoveringntwo-
thirdsnofnthenchild'snuppernarm,nassessmentnofnperipheralnpulses

Whatnshouldnbenassessednduringnabdominalnpalpationnandnauscultationninnanchild?n-
nANSWER:nNephromegaly,nabdominalnmasses,nmusculature,nascites,nbruits




Whatnisnthenpurposenofnlaboratorynevaluationnofnrenalnfunction?n-
nANSWER:nTonassessnkidneynfunctionnandndetectnabnormalities




Whatnisnserumnanalysis?n-
nANSWER:nMeasurementnofnvariousnsubstancesninnthenbloodntonevaluatenkidneynfuncti

on

Whatnsubstancesnarencommonlynmeasuredninnserumnanalysisnfornrenalnfunction?n-
nANSWER:nCreatinine,nbloodnureannitrogenn(BUN),nelectrolytesn(sodium,npotassium,nch

loride),nalbumin

Whatnisnthensignificancenofncreatinineninnserumnanalysis?n-
nANSWER:nIndicatesnkidneynfunctionnandncannhelpndiagnosenkidneyndisease




Whatnisnthensignificancenofnbloodnureannitrogenn(BUN)ninnserumnanalysis?n-
nANSWER:nIndicatesnkidneynfunctionnandncannhelpndiagnosenkidneyndisease




Whatnisnthensignificancenofnelectrolytesn(sodium,npotassium,nchloride)ninnserumnanalys
is?n-nANSWER:nImbalancesncannindicatenkidneyndysfunction

,Whatnisnthensignificancenofnalbuminninnserumnanalysis?n-
nANSWER:nLownlevelsncannindicatenkidneyndamagenorndisease




Whatnisnurinalysis?n-
nANSWER:nExaminationnofnurinentonassessnkidneynfunctionnandndetectnabnormalities




Whatnarenthencomponentsnofnanurinalysis?n-
nANSWER:nPhysicalncharacteristics,nchemicalnanalysis,nmicroscopicnexamination




Whatnphysicalncharacteristicsnarenassessedninnurinalysis?n-
nANSWER:nColor,nclarity,nodor,nspecificngravity




Whatnchemicalnanalysisnisnperformedninnurinalysis?n-
nANSWER:nMeasurementnofnsubstancesnsuchnasnglucose,nprotein,nblood,npH




Whatnmicroscopicnexaminationnisnperformedninnurinalysis?n-
nANSWER:nDetectionnofncells,ncasts,ncrystals,nbacteria




Whatnisnanurinenculture?n-
nANSWER:nLaboratoryntestntonidentifynandndeterminenthensensitivitynofnbacterianinnthen

urine

Whatnisnanrenalnultrasound?n-
nANSWER:nImagingntestnthatnusesnsoundnwavesntonvisualizenthenkidneysnandnurinaryntra

ct

Whatnisnanrenalnbiopsy?n-
nANSWER:nProcedurentonobtainnansmallnsamplenofnkidneyntissuenfornmicroscopicnexami

nation

Whatnarenthenstandardnindicatorsnofnrenalnfunction?n-
nANSWER:nSerumnlevelsnofnureannitrogennandncreatinine.




Whatnisnthennormalnrationofnureannitrogenntoncreatinine?n-nANSWER:n10:1.

Whennmaynthenureannitrogenntoncreatininenrationincrease?n-
nANSWER:nWhennrenalnperfusionnornurinenflownisndecreased.




Whatncanncausenannincreaseninnthenureannitrogenntoncreatininenratio?n-
nANSWER:nUrinaryntractnobstructionnorndehydration.




Whynisnserumncreatininenconsiderednthenmostnreliablensinglenindicatornofnglomerularnf
unction?n-
nANSWER:nBecausenitnisnlessnaffectednbynfactorsnlikennitrogennintake,ncatabolism,nandnc

orticosteroidnuse.

,Whatnfactorsncannaffectnthengenerationnofncreatinine?n-
nANSWER:nAge,nsex,nmalnutrition,nchronicnillness,nandnamputation.




Howndoesnserumncreatininenlevelnchangenovernthenfirstn1-2nweeksnafternbirth?n-
nANSWER:nItndeclinesntonreachnannormalnlevelnfornage.




WhatnisnserumncystatinnC?n-
nANSWER:nAncysteinenproteaseninhibitornproducednbynallnnucleatedncellsnandnreleasedni

nnthenblood.

HownarenlevelsnofnserumncystatinnCnaffected?n-
nANSWER:nTheynarennotnaffectednbynsex,nheight,nornmusclenmass.




Whatnisnannadditionalnindicatornofnglomerularnfunctionnbesidesncreatinine?n-
nANSWER:nSerumncystatinnC.




WhatnarensomenlimitationsnofncystatinnCnassays?n-
nANSWER:nTheynarenlessnwidelynavailablenandnlessnreliableninncertainnclinicalnsettings.




Whatnarensomenlessnprecisenbutnimportantnindicatorsnofnpossiblenrenalndisease?n-
nANSWER:nAbnormalitiesnofnserumnelectrolytes,nbicarbonate,npH,ncalcium,nphosphoru

s,nmagnesium,nalbumin,norncomplement.

WhatndoesnGFRnstandnfor?n-nANSWER:nGlomerularnFiltrationnRate.

WhatndoesnGFRnmeasure?n-
nANSWER:nThenratenatnwhichnbloodnisnfilterednbynthenglomerulininnthenkidneys.




Whatndoesnendogenousncreatininenclearancen(CCr)nestimate?n-
nANSWER:nGlomerularnfiltrationnraten(GFR)




Whatnisnthen'classic'napproachnforndeterminingnCCr?n-nANSWER:nAn24-
hournurinencollection

WhynisnitndifficultntonaccuratelynobtainnCCrninnthenpediatricnpopulation?n-
nANSWER:nEspeciallyninnchildrennwhonarennotncontinent




Whatnisnthennormalnrangenforntotalndailyncreatininenexcretion?n-nANSWER:n15-
25nmg/kg

Arennormalnvaluesnhigherninnmalesnornfemales?n-
nANSWER:nHigherninnmales,nreflectivenofndifferencesninnmusclenmass




WhatndoesnthenCCrnformulanrequirenmeasurementsnof?n-
nANSWER:nPlasmanornserumncreatininen(PCr),nurinencreatininen(UCr),nandnurinenvolume

n(V)

, WhatnisnthenformulanforncalculatingnCCr?n-nANSWER:nCCrn=n(UCrnxnV)n/nPCr

Whynisncorrectionnfornsizenneededninnchildren?n-
nANSWER:nBecausenacceptednrangesnofnnormalnCCrnarenbasednonnadultnparameters




Whatnisnthenstandardnbodynsurfacenareanusednforncorrectionninnthenformula?n-
nANSWER:n1.73nm2




AtnwhatnagendonchildrennreachnadultnlevelsnofnGFR?n-
nANSWER:nApproximatelyn2nyearsnofnage




WhatndoesnGFRnbelown90nmL/min/1.73nm2ninnchildrenn>n2nindicate?n-
nANSWER:nUnderlyingnkidneyndisease




WhenncannequationsntonestimatenGFRnbenused?n-
nANSWER:nWhennthencreatininenisnstablenandnnotninnpatientsnwithnacutenkidneyninjuryn(

AKI)

Whatnisnthen'BedsidenSchwartz'nequationnusednfor?n-
nANSWER:nApproximatingnestimatednGFRninnchildren




Whatnarenthenvariablesnusedninnthen'BedsidenSchwartz'nequation?n-
nANSWER:nPlasmanornserumncreatininenlevelnandnlengthninncentimeters




Whatnisnthenformulanfornthen'BedsidenSchwartz'nequation?n-
nANSWER:neGFRn=n0.413nxnheightn(cm)n/nPCrn(mg/dL)




WhatnisnthenCreatinine-CystatinnC-basednCKiDnequationnusednfor?n-
nANSWER:nEstimatingnGFRnwhenncystatinnCn(cysC)nandnbloodnureannitrogenn(BUN)naren

assessed

WhatnisnthenformulanfornthenCreatinine-CystatinnC-basednCKiDnequation?n-
nANSWER:nNotnprovidedninnthennotes




Whonwasnthen'BedsidenSchwartz'nequationndevelopednfor?n-
nANSWER:nChildrennwithnchronicnkidneyndiseasen(CKD)




Hasnthen'BedsidenSchwartz'nequationnbeennvalidatedninnchildrennwithnnormalnrenalnfun
ction?n-nANSWER:nYes

WhatnisnthenpurposenofnthenconfirmatoryntestnfornestimatednGFR?n-
nANSWER:nTonprovidenanmorenaccuratenmeasurementninncertainncircumstances.




WherencannonlinentoolsnbenfoundntoncalculatenGFR?n-
nANSWER:nhttps://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/gfr_calculatorPed