UTA Exam 3 Preparation 2025 Complete Questions and Answers

UTA Exam 3 Preparation 2025 Complete Questions and Answers Clinical manifestations of Pulmonary Embolism - Answer- Sudden onset pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety Less common- syncope and hemoptysis Risk factors for PE - Answer- Triad of Virchow Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury CM of pulmonary edema - Answer- Dyspnea, orthopnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing, inspiratory crackles (rales), pink frothy sputum, hypoventilation with hypercapnea Causes of pulmonary edema - Answer- Left-sided heart failure (most common), capillary injury, lymphatic blockage Risk factors for pulmonary edema - Answer- Heart disease, ARDS, inhalation of toxic gasses What treatment is mandatory for pulmonary edema? - Answer- O2 administration What is flail chest? - Answer- Fracture of several consecutive ribs in more than one place or fracture of sternum and several consecutive ribs CM of flail chest - Answer- Pain, dyspnea, unequal chest expansion, hypoventilation, hypoxemia How does flail chest move during respirations? - Answer- Inspiration= inward movement of injured area Expiration= outward movement of injured area Types of and causes of pneumothorax - Answer- Primary- spontaneous, occurs in thin males 20-40 or patients with emphysema Secondary- from trauma, rupture of COPD bleb or bulla, or mechanical ventilation (especially if it includes PEEP) Iatrogenic- trans thoracic needle aspiration Tension- pleural rupture Define pneumothorax - Answer- Presence of air or gas on pleural space from rupture in visceral pleura. Lung will collapse. CM of pneumothorax - Answer- Sudden pleural pain Tachypnea Mild dyspnea Absent or decreased breath sounds Deviated trachea SOB Hypotension Severe hypoxemia Result of tension pneumothorax - Answer- Rupture acts as one way valve- air enters but is unable to escape. Pressures continue to increase. Causes complete lung collapse, compression and displacement of heart and great vessels Pleural effusion types and causes - Answer- Transudative- watery fluid- from increased hydrostatic or decreased Oncotic pressure Exudative- WBC and plasma proteins- response to inflammation, infection, or malignancy May also be empyema(pus), hemothorax (blood), or chyle (chylothorax) Causes of hypoxic respiratory failure - Answer- Direct injury to lungs Injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or organs Post-op complication secondary to anesthesia or narcotics PaO2 of hypoxic respiratory failure - Answer- </= 50 mmHg PaO2 of hypercapnic respiratory failure - Answer- >/= 50 mmHg Phases of acute lung injury/ARDS - Answer- Inflammatory- (first 72 hours) inflammatory process is activated, fluid, protein, and blood cells leak into interstition, gas exchange is impaired Proliferative- (4-21 days) pulmonary edema resolves, inter alveolar exudate becomes granular, hypoxia worsens Fibrotic- (14-21 days) remodeling and fibrosis, impaired lung function may be permanent Risk factors for ARDS - Answer- Genetic factors, sepsis, multiple traumas, PNA, burns, aspiration, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, pancreatitis, drug overdose, smoke or noxious gas inhalation, O2 toxicity, radiation therapy, DIC Asthma is what type of hypersensitivity? - Answer- Type I, IgE mediated Atopic disorder Define chronic bronchitis - Answer- Hypersecretion of mucous and a chronic productive cough that lasts at least 3 months of the year for a minimum of 2 years CM of chronic bronchitis - Answer- Decreased exercise tolerance Wheezing Shortness of breath Productive "smoker's cough" Chronic bronchitis airway changes - Answer- Hyperplasia of mucous-secreting cells of the airways Cilia function is impaired and unable to clear excessive mucous Mucous can plug airways and impair oxygenation Emphysema airway changes - Answer- Alveoli destroyed by breakdown of elastin. Bronchial walls collapse during expiration, trapping air. CM of emphysema - Answer- Dyspnea on exertion, progresses to dyspnea at rest Thin appearance r/t increased metabolism Shallow, rapid breaths with prolonged expiration- pursed lips Barrel chest, Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Respiratory acidosis, tripod position Difference between healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired pneumonia - Answer- Associated- health care contact in last 90 days Acquired- diagnosed more than 48 hours after admission to hospital