DBB TEST 1 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2024/2025

DBB TEST 1 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2024/2025 A full reversible agonist differs from a competitive antagonist in that ______. - ANSWER-A reversible agonist binds to Rs, activates a second message and dissociates from the receptor showing positive intrinsic activity, whereas a noncompetitive antagonist does not bind to the same Rs as NTs and produces zero intrinsic activity. A major concept underlying at what amount drugs produce their effects is called dose-response. How are the amount of a drug and the effect it produces generally related? - ANSWER-The quantitative relationship is summarized as "Too little an amount of a drug = no/minimal effect; the ED50 does = desired effect; too high a dose = undesired effects (aversive/toxic dose) According to the models and characteristics illustrated in Table 5.3, a theory of addiction model that does not emphasize reinforcement learning, reward, discrimination of stimuli, goal -directed behaviors, drive theory, or latent inhibition is ______. - ANSWER-The medical disease model Another name for psychopharmacology, a field that bridges concepts of pharmacology and psychology is - ANSWER-Behavioral pharmacology Cross tolerance is a term that refers to when - ANSWER-Two different drugs share a common mechanism of action, and thus to be tolerant to the first drug also generates tolerance to the second drug even if the second drug was never administered. Ethical cost - ANSWER-assessment that weighs the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experienced by research subjects Minimally, which three aspects of human experience are affected by "psychoactive drugs?" - ANSWER-Thinking, mood and behavior objective effects - ANSWER- Once a person is addicted to a substance, and they go abstinent, they remain predisposed (mentally and physiologically/genetically) to drug use rather than returning to a point of cure that precludes relapsing. Why? - ANSWER-Treatments have yet to be developed that reverse the lasting effects of drug addiction, and whereas a person can be in remission, relapse always remains a possibility. open-label studies - ANSWER-assignment of study treatments without using blinded procedures Other than functioning as an agonist to mimic NT effects at Rs other drugs can act to enhance NT activity (such as entacapone) by... - ANSWER-Binding to and inhibitng the enzyme that breaks down the NT dopamine. pharmacodynamics - ANSWER- pharmacogenetics - ANSWER- pharmacokinetics - ANSWER- Pharmocotherapeutics - ANSWER- Potency - ANSWER- psychoactive drugs - ANSWER- psychopharmacology - ANSWER- recreational drug - ANSWER- recreational drug use - ANSWER- Regarding factors influencing heroin tolerance and overdose, what are the conclusions reached following experiments conducted by Siegel and colleagues that may explain why some experienced heroin users overdose? - ANSWER-Some protection from overdose due to developing tolerance is environmental conditioned and can be reversed by drug use in different environmental conditioned, and can be reversed by drug use in different environmental cues and can lead to death by overdose. Relapse is part of the third stage of addiction, and this also involves changes in learning. But now instead of the NT _____, the NT ______ has been shown to elicit drug seeking and trigger incentive value (wanting) in the presence of stimuli associated with drug use to promote relapse. - ANSWER-dopamine/glutamate Safety Pharmacology - ANSWER- street name - ANSWER- subjective effects - ANSWER- Table 5.2 depicts the harm ratings of selected drugs. Which single drug has a lower addiction rating than a physical harm rating? - ANSWER-Inhaled solvents. Teratogen - ANSWER-any factor that can cause a birth defect The modern behavioral task, introduced by Dr. Larry D. Reid, named ______ is used to measure the rewarding aspects of drugs. The brain structures underlying the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse include the cortical-amygdala and orbital frontal cortical pathways and can be reliably demonstrated when animals are tested drug free using a combination of operant and classical conditioning learning tasks. - ANSWER-Conditioned place preferance The process of metabolism, distribution, elimination and absorption refer to - ANSWER-The exact order of how drugs pass through the body respectively. The stunning impact of Old's and Milner's 1954 discovery was that our brains have hard-wired compulsive and aversion reinforcement pathways that can be activated and regulated externally using electrical brain stimulation as is illustrated in Figure 5.3. Soon evidence was collected to support the finding that elevation of ______ in the _____ underlie intracranial self-stimulation. Similar rewards stimuli are generated by many drugs of abuse and natural stimuli (generated by food, sex, and social situations). - ANSWER-dopamine levels/nucleus accumbens The terms ligand and binding affinity respectively refer to ______ and ______. - ANSWER-that which binds (attaches) to Rs and the degree of stickiness (strength) of the attachment at Rs Therapeutic drug - ANSWER- therapeutic index - ANSWER- There are four types of tolerance. Correctly identify just 4 types of tolerance below - ANSWER-Behavioral, pharmokinetics, cross and pharmacodynamic There are several treatments in use for drug addicted individuals including drug replacement therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., the 12-step programs of AA and NA). What is the required first step of each of these recovery programs? - ANSWER-detoxification There are six major stages of therapeutic drug development. How does stage 3 differ from stage 5? - ANSWER-Stage 3 is concerned with drug synthesis and identification whereas Stage 5 uses slower screening with animal testing for product validity. trade name - ANSWER- treatment arms - ANSWER- What are four goals of clinical trials that need to be met in order for the FDA to grant approval to market a new drug in the correct phase sequence? - ANSWER-Test safety in healthy humans, therapeutic efficacy, test in more inclusive populations, address remaining questions. What describes a drug allosteric regulator? - ANSWER-A drug that binds to a protien at a different site than an NT and changes positively or negatively the attachment of that NT to the Rs What does the term prodrug mean? - ANSWER-A basically inert chemical that once in the body metabolically changes and becomes an active drug. What evidence suggests that nearly all Americans are consumers of psychoactive substances? - ANSWER-The number of legal prescriptions (for anxiety and pain relief) written that number in millions of users added to the estimates of millions of recreational users. What is the main idea between how pharmacodynamics differ from pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER-Pharmacodynamics refers to how a drug is administered to produce a rewarding effect (euphoria) and pharmacokinetics describes how the drug produces those effects. What is the main idea between how pharmacodynamics differ from pharmacokinetics. - ANSWER-Pharmacodynamics describes how the drug changes the body and pharmacokinetics describes how the body changes (transports and metabolizes the drug) What specific advantages can the study of neurotoxins provide? - ANSWER-Animal models are used to test for new threats to the nervous system and help develop treatments to minimize ongoing toxin damage in the NS. When a person uses a drug of abuse to the point of intoxication, experiences withdrawal when the drug terminates, and compulsively thinks about drug seeking to get high again, they have ______. - ANSWER-met and completed the drug-addiction cycle. Why do psychopharmacologists first generate a drugs therapeutic index before a drug is used in people? - ANSWER-A therapeutic index is a predictor ratio of the mathematical distance between the effective therapeutic dose curve and the toxic dose curve in order to gauge a drug's safety. Why does one drug have so many different ways of being named? - ANSWER-Chemical name, street name, generic name, and trade names have similar meanings for nearly all drugs, standardizing names if optional. Why is it useful to distinguish and separately characterize a drug's subjective and objective effects? - ANSWER-In order to fully explain what a drug does to the body and how that changes physiology as well as mood/thoughts/behavior, researchers need to evaluate both objective measures (e.g., heart rate) as well as mental (ie inner experiences) experiences that are not so easily observed