IBCLC Exam Questions and answers 2025
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .carbohydrates .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .7%
Wikipedia. .en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk.
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .fat .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .4%
Hale .and .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .50.
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .protein .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately ..8 .- .1 .%
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .272.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .carbohydrates .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .40%
Hale .and .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .69.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .fat .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .50%
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .124.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .protein .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .10%
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .272.
Acinus .- .ANS✓✓-
Any .of .the .small .sacs .or .alveoli .that .terminate .the .ducts .and .are .lined .with .secr
etory .cells.
Merriam-Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .Available .online: .http://www.merriam-
webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192
Acrocyanosis .- .ANS✓✓-
Bluish .discoloration .of .the .hands .and .feet .in .the .newborn; .peripheral .cyanosis.
.Should .not .persist .beyond .24 .hours .after .birth.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Active .immunity .- .ANS✓✓-
Immunity .conferred .by .the .production .of .antibodies .by .one's .own .immune .syst
em.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .868.
,Active .transport .- .ANS✓✓-
Passage .of .drug .into .breastmilk .assisted .by .components .in .breastmilk. .
Hale .& .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .470.
Acyclovir/Zovirax .- .ANS✓✓-Antiviral .used .to .treat .herpes .infections, .L2. .
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Aerobic .bacteria .- .ANS✓✓-
Bacteria .requiring .air .for .metabolic .processes. .The .breast .is .colonized .with .this
.type .of .bacteria.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
AGA .- .ANS✓✓-
Appropriate .for .Gestational .Age. .Having .a .birth .weight .between .the .10th .and .90
th .percentile .on .intrauterine .growth .charts.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .671.
Alcohol .and .breastfeeding .- .ANS✓✓-
Alcohol .can .decrease .milk .supply. .Breastfeeding .must .be .interrupted .for .1 .hour
.per .drink, .or .until .mother .is .sober.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .171 .& .188.
Aldomet/Methyldopa .- .ANS✓✓-
Antihypertensive, .L2. .Frequently .used .to .treat .hypertension .during .pregnancy. .
No .concerns .reported .via .breastmilk.
Hale, .2010. .Medications .and .Mother's .Milk .(14th .ed.), .page .667.
Allergen .- .ANS✓✓-
A .substance .that .causes .an .allergic .response, .such .as .foods, .drugs, .inhalants. .
Cow's .milk .is .common .source .for .infants.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Αlphalactalbumin .- .ANS✓✓-
A .major .protein .found .in .human .milk .whey. .Assists .in .processing .lactose.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Alveolar .ridge .- .ANS✓✓-
The .ridges .on .the .upper .and .lower .jaw .where .infant's .teeth .will .grow.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
,Alveolus, .alveoli .- .ANS✓✓-
Secrete .and .store .milk .for .let .down. .Surrounded .by .myoepithelial .cells, .contract
ile .cells .and .connective .tissue.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .80.
Amenorrhea .- .ANS✓✓-
A .natural .phase .of .infertility .that .takes .place .when .a .mother .is .exclusively .brea
stfeeding. .Menstruation .has .not .returned.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .707 .&865.
Amoxicillin .- .ANS✓✓-
Antibiotic, .L2. .Observe .for .change .in .intestinal .flora, .compatible.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Ampicillin .- .ANS✓✓-
Antibiotic, .L1. .Observe .for .change .in .intestinal .flora, .compatible.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Anaphylaxis .- .ANS✓✓-Hypersensitivity .
(as .to .foreign .proteins .or .drugs) .resulting .from .sensitization .following .prior .con
tact .with .the .causative .agent.
Merriam-
Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anaphylaxis.
Anchor .scar .- .ANS✓✓-Surgical .technique .for .breast .reduction, .slang.
Ankyglossia .- .ANS✓✓-
A .tongue .tie. .Characterized .by .a .thick, .short, .or .tight .frenulum .under .the .tongu
e. .Can .cause .breastfeeding .issues, .such .as .a .painful .latch .or .inefficient .milk .tra
nsfer.
Anterior .pituitary .- .ANS✓✓-
This .gland .releases .prolactin .into .the .blood .effecting .milk .production .and .ejecti
on. .It .is .susceptible .to .stress.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .91.
Anthrax .- .ANS✓✓-Infectious .disease .caused .by .a .spore-forming .bacterium .
(Bacillus .anthrax), .characterized .by .external .ulcerating .nodules .or .by .lesions .in
.the .lungs.
Merriam .Webster .Medical .Dictionary.
.www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax.
Antibody .- .ANS✓✓-
Immunoglobulin .formed .in .response .to .an .antigen, .including .bacteria .and .virus
, es. .Antibodies .attack .those .bacteria .or .viruses .helping .the .body .resist .infection
..
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Antigen .- .ANS✓✓-
Substance .that .stimulates .antibody .production. .May .be .dust, .food, .or .bacteria.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Apgar .score .- .ANS✓✓-
Index .to .evaluate .the .condition .of .a .newborn .infant .based .on .a .rating .of .0, .1, .or
.2 .for .color, .heart .rate, .reflex .response, .muscle .tone, .and .respiration .with .10 .bei
ng .a .perfect .score.
Merriam-Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .www.merriam-webster.com/medical/apgar
%20score.
Apocrine .gland .- .ANS✓✓-
Sweat .glands .located .on .the .areola .that .secrete .a .scent.
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .197-198.
Apoptosis .- .ANS✓✓-Programmed .normal .cell .death.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Applied .research .- .ANS✓✓-
Research .that .focuses .on .solving .or .finding .an .answer .to .a .clinical .or .practical .
problem.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Areola .- .ANS✓✓-The .darker .pigmented .skin .that .surrounds .the .nipple. .Contains
.sebaceous .glands .(Montgomery .Glands)
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Aspirin .- .ANS✓✓-
Salicylate .analgesic, .L3. .Use .associated .with .Reye's .Syndrome .in .infants.
Hale, .2010. .Medications .and .Mother's .Milk .(14th .ed.), .page .87.
Atopic .eczema .- .ANS✓✓-
Inherited .allergic .tendency .to .skin .rashes .or .inflammation. .Exclusively .breastfe
d .infants .are .less .likely .to .develop .as .cow's .milk .protein .is .a .common .allergen.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .carbohydrates .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .7%
Wikipedia. .en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk.
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .fat .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .4%
Hale .and .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .50.
% .of .breastmilk .that .is .protein .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately ..8 .- .1 .%
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .272.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .carbohydrates .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .40%
Hale .and .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .69.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .fat .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .50%
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .124.
% .of .calories .in .breastmilk .from .protein .- .ANS✓✓-Approximately .10%
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .272.
Acinus .- .ANS✓✓-
Any .of .the .small .sacs .or .alveoli .that .terminate .the .ducts .and .are .lined .with .secr
etory .cells.
Merriam-Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .Available .online: .http://www.merriam-
webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192
Acrocyanosis .- .ANS✓✓-
Bluish .discoloration .of .the .hands .and .feet .in .the .newborn; .peripheral .cyanosis.
.Should .not .persist .beyond .24 .hours .after .birth.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Active .immunity .- .ANS✓✓-
Immunity .conferred .by .the .production .of .antibodies .by .one's .own .immune .syst
em.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .868.
,Active .transport .- .ANS✓✓-
Passage .of .drug .into .breastmilk .assisted .by .components .in .breastmilk. .
Hale .& .Hartman, .2007. .Textbook .of .Human .Lactation, .page .470.
Acyclovir/Zovirax .- .ANS✓✓-Antiviral .used .to .treat .herpes .infections, .L2. .
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Aerobic .bacteria .- .ANS✓✓-
Bacteria .requiring .air .for .metabolic .processes. .The .breast .is .colonized .with .this
.type .of .bacteria.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
AGA .- .ANS✓✓-
Appropriate .for .Gestational .Age. .Having .a .birth .weight .between .the .10th .and .90
th .percentile .on .intrauterine .growth .charts.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .671.
Alcohol .and .breastfeeding .- .ANS✓✓-
Alcohol .can .decrease .milk .supply. .Breastfeeding .must .be .interrupted .for .1 .hour
.per .drink, .or .until .mother .is .sober.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .171 .& .188.
Aldomet/Methyldopa .- .ANS✓✓-
Antihypertensive, .L2. .Frequently .used .to .treat .hypertension .during .pregnancy. .
No .concerns .reported .via .breastmilk.
Hale, .2010. .Medications .and .Mother's .Milk .(14th .ed.), .page .667.
Allergen .- .ANS✓✓-
A .substance .that .causes .an .allergic .response, .such .as .foods, .drugs, .inhalants. .
Cow's .milk .is .common .source .for .infants.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Αlphalactalbumin .- .ANS✓✓-
A .major .protein .found .in .human .milk .whey. .Assists .in .processing .lactose.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Alveolar .ridge .- .ANS✓✓-
The .ridges .on .the .upper .and .lower .jaw .where .infant's .teeth .will .grow.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
,Alveolus, .alveoli .- .ANS✓✓-
Secrete .and .store .milk .for .let .down. .Surrounded .by .myoepithelial .cells, .contract
ile .cells .and .connective .tissue.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .80.
Amenorrhea .- .ANS✓✓-
A .natural .phase .of .infertility .that .takes .place .when .a .mother .is .exclusively .brea
stfeeding. .Menstruation .has .not .returned.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .707 .&865.
Amoxicillin .- .ANS✓✓-
Antibiotic, .L2. .Observe .for .change .in .intestinal .flora, .compatible.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Ampicillin .- .ANS✓✓-
Antibiotic, .L1. .Observe .for .change .in .intestinal .flora, .compatible.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .177.
Anaphylaxis .- .ANS✓✓-Hypersensitivity .
(as .to .foreign .proteins .or .drugs) .resulting .from .sensitization .following .prior .con
tact .with .the .causative .agent.
Merriam-
Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anaphylaxis.
Anchor .scar .- .ANS✓✓-Surgical .technique .for .breast .reduction, .slang.
Ankyglossia .- .ANS✓✓-
A .tongue .tie. .Characterized .by .a .thick, .short, .or .tight .frenulum .under .the .tongu
e. .Can .cause .breastfeeding .issues, .such .as .a .painful .latch .or .inefficient .milk .tra
nsfer.
Anterior .pituitary .- .ANS✓✓-
This .gland .releases .prolactin .into .the .blood .effecting .milk .production .and .ejecti
on. .It .is .susceptible .to .stress.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .91.
Anthrax .- .ANS✓✓-Infectious .disease .caused .by .a .spore-forming .bacterium .
(Bacillus .anthrax), .characterized .by .external .ulcerating .nodules .or .by .lesions .in
.the .lungs.
Merriam .Webster .Medical .Dictionary.
.www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax.
Antibody .- .ANS✓✓-
Immunoglobulin .formed .in .response .to .an .antigen, .including .bacteria .and .virus
, es. .Antibodies .attack .those .bacteria .or .viruses .helping .the .body .resist .infection
..
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Antigen .- .ANS✓✓-
Substance .that .stimulates .antibody .production. .May .be .dust, .food, .or .bacteria.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Apgar .score .- .ANS✓✓-
Index .to .evaluate .the .condition .of .a .newborn .infant .based .on .a .rating .of .0, .1, .or
.2 .for .color, .heart .rate, .reflex .response, .muscle .tone, .and .respiration .with .10 .bei
ng .a .perfect .score.
Merriam-Webster .Medical .Dictionary. .www.merriam-webster.com/medical/apgar
%20score.
Apocrine .gland .- .ANS✓✓-
Sweat .glands .located .on .the .areola .that .secrete .a .scent.
Mannel, .Martens .& .Walker, .2008. .Core .Curriculum .for .Lactation .Consultant .Prac
tice .(2nd .ed.), .page .197-198.
Apoptosis .- .ANS✓✓-Programmed .normal .cell .death.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Applied .research .- .ANS✓✓-
Research .that .focuses .on .solving .or .finding .an .answer .to .a .clinical .or .practical .
problem.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Areola .- .ANS✓✓-The .darker .pigmented .skin .that .surrounds .the .nipple. .Contains
.sebaceous .glands .(Montgomery .Glands)
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
Aspirin .- .ANS✓✓-
Salicylate .analgesic, .L3. .Use .associated .with .Reye's .Syndrome .in .infants.
Hale, .2010. .Medications .and .Mother's .Milk .(14th .ed.), .page .87.
Atopic .eczema .- .ANS✓✓-
Inherited .allergic .tendency .to .skin .rashes .or .inflammation. .Exclusively .breastfe
d .infants .are .less .likely .to .develop .as .cow's .milk .protein .is .a .common .allergen.
Riordan .& .Wambach, .2010. .Breastfeeding .and .Human .Lactation .
(4th .ed.), .page .863.
