Psychology Chapters 1-14 Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
psychology - ✔✔The scientific study of mind and behavior.
data - ✔✔Any information collected through formal observation or measurement.
hindsight bias - ✔✔The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that
has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
scientific method - ✔✔The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use
to conduct empirical research.
levels of explanation - ✔✔The perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
individual differences - ✔✔The variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
structuralism - ✔✔Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or
"structures" of psychological experience
functionalism - ✔✔Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed
the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
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,psychodyamic - ✔✔Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
behaviorism - ✔✔Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the
mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of
behavior itself
cognitive - ✔✔The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory,
and judgments
social-cultural - ✔✔The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which
people find themselves influence thinking and behavior
heritability - ✔✔The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among
people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
nature vs nurture - ✔✔Are genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
free will vs determinism - ✔✔This question concerns the extent to which people have
control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by
forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
accuracy vs inaccuracy - ✔✔To what extent are humans good information processors?
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,conscious vs unconscious - ✔✔To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and
the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we
are not aware of?
differences vs similarities - ✔✔To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are
we different?
plato and aristotle - ✔✔Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that
knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty
slate.
introspection - ✔✔A method of learning about psychological processes in which
research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work
on mental tasks.
evolutionary psychology - ✔✔A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian
theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.
fitness - ✔✔The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an
individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of
the species who do not have the characteristic.
psychodynamic psychology - ✔✔An approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
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, social norms - ✔✔The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
culture - ✔✔A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and
other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
biopsychology and neuroscience - ✔✔This field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas
and the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
clinical and counseling psychology - ✔✔These are the largest fields of psychology. The
focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
developmental psychology - ✔✔These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive,
emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
forensic psychology - ✔✔Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of
judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
health psychology - ✔✔Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and the
social situation influence health and illness.
industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - ✔✔Applies psychology to
the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of
employees.
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Questions and Answers 100% Pass
psychology - ✔✔The scientific study of mind and behavior.
data - ✔✔Any information collected through formal observation or measurement.
hindsight bias - ✔✔The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that
has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
scientific method - ✔✔The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use
to conduct empirical research.
levels of explanation - ✔✔The perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
individual differences - ✔✔The variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
structuralism - ✔✔Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or
"structures" of psychological experience
functionalism - ✔✔Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed
the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,psychodyamic - ✔✔Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
behaviorism - ✔✔Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the
mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of
behavior itself
cognitive - ✔✔The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory,
and judgments
social-cultural - ✔✔The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which
people find themselves influence thinking and behavior
heritability - ✔✔The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among
people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
nature vs nurture - ✔✔Are genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
free will vs determinism - ✔✔This question concerns the extent to which people have
control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by
forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
accuracy vs inaccuracy - ✔✔To what extent are humans good information processors?
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,conscious vs unconscious - ✔✔To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and
the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we
are not aware of?
differences vs similarities - ✔✔To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are
we different?
plato and aristotle - ✔✔Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that
knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty
slate.
introspection - ✔✔A method of learning about psychological processes in which
research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work
on mental tasks.
evolutionary psychology - ✔✔A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian
theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.
fitness - ✔✔The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an
individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of
the species who do not have the characteristic.
psychodynamic psychology - ✔✔An approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, social norms - ✔✔The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
culture - ✔✔A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and
other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
biopsychology and neuroscience - ✔✔This field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas
and the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
clinical and counseling psychology - ✔✔These are the largest fields of psychology. The
focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
developmental psychology - ✔✔These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive,
emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
forensic psychology - ✔✔Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of
judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
health psychology - ✔✔Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and the
social situation influence health and illness.
industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - ✔✔Applies psychology to
the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of
employees.
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
