NCE AND CPCE EXAM EVALUATION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
define Reversability. - the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can
return to its initial shape.
Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? - He did not think that
developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational
intervention.
What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories? - Kohlberg, Erikson, and
Maslow.
Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development? - Lawrence Kohlberg
A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an
example of what characteristic? - Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the
vantage point of another person.
Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development. - Preconventional, Conventional, and
Post-Conventional
The Post-Conventional stage is also called the.... - Personal Integrity, or Morality of
Self-Accepted Principles level
What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess? - It is part of Kohlberg's morality
development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has
achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario.
Who is the father of Analytic Psychology? - Carl Jung
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? - Sigmund Freud
What is biofeedback? - Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to
control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area
occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional
psychoanalytic foothold.
From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"? - Erik Erikson, because his
psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage.
RS factors - RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by
counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into
their work.
,What is Positive Psychology? - a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic
perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human
strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness.
What concept is Martin Segliman known for? - The concept of Learned Helplessness- in
the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there
is no way out" even if one is clearly present.
What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? - he is the founder of Individual
Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex.
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?
- child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior.
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? - individual wants to meet
the standards of family, society, and the nation.
What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? - (also known as
self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice,
dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did
not believe that most people reached this level)
Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the
Postconventional level? - under 40%.
What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional
stage of moral development? - Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr.
What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages? - Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1
year)
Harry Stack Sullivan - postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile,
preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations? - similar to Erikson, biological
determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural
demands of society
A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage? -
Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life
and feels it has been worthwhile.
What is a Periodic Fugue State? - an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home,
often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would
ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and
become screen writers...)
, Counter-Conditioning - A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or
eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response.
(systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example)
Good boy/good girl orientation - is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral
development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please
others in order to achieve recognition.
Hedonism - a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development.
the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want".
What is the Zone of Proximal Development - pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the
difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his
performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)
what theory is organ inferiority associated with? - Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
Maturationist Theory - behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain
behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the
environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of
maturity for the behavior to unfold.
What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor? - to unleash the inborn
abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as
important therapeutic topics.
John Bowlby - he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though
that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a
child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.
object loss - Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age
of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal
behaviors.
symbiosis - Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver.
Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.
In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur? - Erikson's Generativity vs.
Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5
years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and
seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity=
productive, happy, looks out for others.
Daniel Levinson - wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He
viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
define Reversability. - the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can
return to its initial shape.
Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? - He did not think that
developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational
intervention.
What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories? - Kohlberg, Erikson, and
Maslow.
Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development? - Lawrence Kohlberg
A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an
example of what characteristic? - Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the
vantage point of another person.
Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development. - Preconventional, Conventional, and
Post-Conventional
The Post-Conventional stage is also called the.... - Personal Integrity, or Morality of
Self-Accepted Principles level
What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess? - It is part of Kohlberg's morality
development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has
achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario.
Who is the father of Analytic Psychology? - Carl Jung
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? - Sigmund Freud
What is biofeedback? - Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to
control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area
occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional
psychoanalytic foothold.
From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"? - Erik Erikson, because his
psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage.
RS factors - RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by
counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into
their work.
,What is Positive Psychology? - a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic
perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human
strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness.
What concept is Martin Segliman known for? - The concept of Learned Helplessness- in
the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there
is no way out" even if one is clearly present.
What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? - he is the founder of Individual
Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex.
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?
- child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior.
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? - individual wants to meet
the standards of family, society, and the nation.
What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? - (also known as
self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice,
dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did
not believe that most people reached this level)
Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the
Postconventional level? - under 40%.
What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional
stage of moral development? - Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr.
What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages? - Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1
year)
Harry Stack Sullivan - postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile,
preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations? - similar to Erikson, biological
determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural
demands of society
A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage? -
Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life
and feels it has been worthwhile.
What is a Periodic Fugue State? - an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home,
often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would
ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and
become screen writers...)
, Counter-Conditioning - A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or
eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response.
(systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example)
Good boy/good girl orientation - is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral
development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please
others in order to achieve recognition.
Hedonism - a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development.
the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want".
What is the Zone of Proximal Development - pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the
difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his
performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)
what theory is organ inferiority associated with? - Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
Maturationist Theory - behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain
behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the
environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of
maturity for the behavior to unfold.
What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor? - to unleash the inborn
abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as
important therapeutic topics.
John Bowlby - he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though
that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a
child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.
object loss - Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age
of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal
behaviors.
symbiosis - Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver.
Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.
In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur? - Erikson's Generativity vs.
Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5
years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and
seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity=
productive, happy, looks out for others.
Daniel Levinson - wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He
viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife
