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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
N N N N
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
N N N N N N N
Unity and Diversity of Cells
n n n n
1-1 Livingn systemsn aren incrediblyn diversen inn size,n shape,n environment,n and n behavior.n It n isn estimated nthatn ther
en aren betweenn 10nmillionn and n 100n millionn different n species.n Despiten thisn widen varietynof n organisms,n it n re
mainsn difficult n ton definen what nit nmeansn tonsayn somethingn isn alive.n Whichn of nthen followingn cann ben describ
ed n asn then smallest n livingn unit?
(a) DNA n (b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicaten whethernthenfollowingnstatementsnaren truen orn false.n If nthen statement n isn false,n explainn whynit n i
sn false.
A. Then Paramecium n isn an multicellularn microorganismn covered n withn hairliken cilia.
B. Cellsn of n different n typesn cann haven different n chemicaln requirements.n C.
Then branchliken extensionsn that n sprout n fromn an singlen nerven celln inn a
mammaliann brainn cann extend n overn severaln hundred n micrometers.
1-3 Forn eachn of n thenfollowingn sentences,n filln inn thenblanksn withnthenbest nwordnorn phrasen selected nfromn thenli
st n below.n Not n alln wordsn orn phrasesn willn ben used;n eachn word n orn phrasen should n ben used n onlyn once.
Cellsn cann ben veryndiverse:n superficially,n theyncomen inn variousn sizes,n rangingn fromn bacterial
n cellsn suchn asn Lactobacillus,n whichn isn an few
inn length,n ton largern cellsn suchn asn an frog’sn egg,n whichn hasnan diametern of n abo
ut n onen
.n Despiten then diversity,n cellsn resemblen eachn othern ton ann astonishingn degreen
inn theirn chemistry.n Forn example,n then samen 20n
arenused n ton maken proteins.n Similarly,n then geneticn informationn of nalln cellsn is
n stored n inn their
.n Althoughn
containn then samen typesn ofn moleculesn asn cells,n theirn inabilityn ton reproducen t
hemselvesn byn theirn ownn effortsn meansn that n theyn aren not n considered n livingn matter.
aminon acids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)n plant yeast
fattynacids s
n meter plasman membranes
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1-4 How n doesn cellularn specializationn serven multicellularn organismsn and n hown might n an
highn degreen of n specializationn ben detrimental?
1-5 Then flow n of n geneticn informationn isn controlled n bynan seriesn of n biochemicaln reactionsn t
hat n result n inn thenproductionn ofnproteins,n eachn withnitsnownn specificn ordern of n aminon a
cids.n Choosen then correct n seriesn of n biochemicaln reactionsn fromn then optionsn presented
n here.
(a) replication,n transcription,n translation
(b) replication,n translation,n transcription
(c) translation,n transcription,n replication
(d) translation,n replication,n transcription
1-6 Proteinsn aren important n architecturaln and n catalyticn componentsn withinn then cell,n helpi
ngn ton determinen itsn chemistry,n itsn shape,n andnitsnabilitynton respond nton changesn innthen
environment.n Remarkably,n alln of n then different nproteinsn inn ancelln aren maden fromn then s
amen 20n
.n Byn linkingn themn inn different n sequences,n then celln can
n maken proteinn moleculesn withn different nconformationsn andnsurfacenchemistries,n andn
thereforen different n functions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminon acids.
(d) fattyn acids.
1-7 Whichn statement n isn NOTntruen about n mutations?
(a) Anmutationn isn an changeninn then DNAnthat ncanngeneraten offspringn lessn fit nforn s
urvivaln thann theirn parents.
(b) Anmutationn cann ben an result n of n imperfect n DNA nduplication.
(c) Anmutationn isn an result n of n sexualn reproduction.
(d) Anmutationn isn an changeninn then DNAnthat ncanngeneraten offspringn thatnaren asn f
it n forn survivaln asn theirn parentsn are.
1-8 Changesn inn DNA nsequencen fromn onengenerationn tonthennext nmaynresult n innoffspringn t
hat n aren altered n inn fitnessn compared nwithn theirn parents.n Then processn of nchangen andnsel
ectionn overn then coursen of n manyn generationsn isn then basisn of n .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Select n then optionn that nbestn finishesn then followingn statement:n “Evolutionn isn an
processn .”
(a) that n cann ben understood n based n onn then principlesn of n mutationn and n selection.
(b) that n resultsn fromn repeated n cyclesn of n adaptationn overn billionsn of n years.
(c) bynwhichn alln present-dayncellsn arosen fromn 4–5n different n ancestraln cells.
(d) that n requiresn hundredsn of n thousandsn of n years.
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nThenMarketplacento nBuy nand nSell nyour nStudy nMaterial
1-10 Select n then optionn that n correctlyn finishesn then followingn statement:n “Ancell’sn genome
.”
(a) isn defined n asn alln then genesn beingn used n ton maken protein.
(b) containsn alln of n an cell’sn DNA.
(c) constantlynchanges,n dependingn uponn then cell’sn environment.
(d) isn altered n duringn embryonicn development.
Cells Under the Microscope
n n n
1-11 Whichn statement n isn NOTntruenabout nthenevents/conclusionsn fromn studiesn duringnt
hen mid-1800sn surroundingn then discoveryn of n cells?
(a) Cellsn camen ton ben knownn asn then smallest n universaln buildingn blockn of n livingn
organisms.
(b) Scientistsn camen ton then conclusionn that nnew ncellsn cann formn spontaneouslynf
romn then remnantsn of n ruptured n cells.
(c) Light n microscopynwasn essentialn inn demonstratingn then commonalitiesn
betweenn plant n and n animaln tissues.
(d) New n cellsn arisen fromn then growthn and n divisionn of n previouslyn existingn cells.
1-12 What n unit n of nlengthn would nyoungenerallynusen tonmeasuren an typicaln plant norn animaln c
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchn then typen ofnmicroscopynonn thenleftn withn then correspondingn descriptionn
provided n below.n Theren isn onen best n matchn forn each.
A. confocal
B. transmissionn electron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningn electron
F. bright-field
usesn an light n microscopen withn ann opticaln component n ton taken advantagen ofnthendi
fferent n refractiven indicesn of nlight npassingn throughn different nregionsn of nthencel
l.
employsn an light n microscopen and n requiresn that n samplesn ben fixed n and n stained n inn
ordern ton revealn cellularn details.
n n requiresn then usen of ntwon setsn ofnfilters.n Then first nfiltern narrowsn then wavelengthn ran
gen that n reachesnthen specimenn andnthen secondn blocksn outn alln wavelengthsnthatn
passn backn upn ton then eyepiecen exceptnfornthosen emittedn bynthendyen innthen samp
le.
n n scansn then specimenn withn an focusedn lasern beamn ton obtainn an seriesn ofntwo-
n dimensionaln opticaln sections,n whichn cann ben used ntonreconstruct n ann imagen of
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nThenMarketplacento nBuy nand nSell nyour nStudy nMaterial
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Distribution nofnthis ndocumentnis nillegal
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nThenMarketplacento nBuy nand nSell nyour nStudy nMaterial
ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
N N N N
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
N N N N N N N
Unity and Diversity of Cells
n n n n
1-1 Livingn systemsn aren incrediblyn diversen inn size,n shape,n environment,n and n behavior.n It n isn estimated nthatn ther
en aren betweenn 10nmillionn and n 100n millionn different n species.n Despiten thisn widen varietynof n organisms,n it n re
mainsn difficult n ton definen what nit nmeansn tonsayn somethingn isn alive.n Whichn of nthen followingn cann ben describ
ed n asn then smallest n livingn unit?
(a) DNA n (b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicaten whethernthenfollowingnstatementsnaren truen orn false.n If nthen statement n isn false,n explainn whynit n i
sn false.
A. Then Paramecium n isn an multicellularn microorganismn covered n withn hairliken cilia.
B. Cellsn of n different n typesn cann haven different n chemicaln requirements.n C.
Then branchliken extensionsn that n sprout n fromn an singlen nerven celln inn a
mammaliann brainn cann extend n overn severaln hundred n micrometers.
1-3 Forn eachn of n thenfollowingn sentences,n filln inn thenblanksn withnthenbest nwordnorn phrasen selected nfromn thenli
st n below.n Not n alln wordsn orn phrasesn willn ben used;n eachn word n orn phrasen should n ben used n onlyn once.
Cellsn cann ben veryndiverse:n superficially,n theyncomen inn variousn sizes,n rangingn fromn bacterial
n cellsn suchn asn Lactobacillus,n whichn isn an few
inn length,n ton largern cellsn suchn asn an frog’sn egg,n whichn hasnan diametern of n abo
ut n onen
.n Despiten then diversity,n cellsn resemblen eachn othern ton ann astonishingn degreen
inn theirn chemistry.n Forn example,n then samen 20n
arenused n ton maken proteins.n Similarly,n then geneticn informationn of nalln cellsn is
n stored n inn their
.n Althoughn
containn then samen typesn ofn moleculesn asn cells,n theirn inabilityn ton reproducen t
hemselvesn byn theirn ownn effortsn meansn that n theyn aren not n considered n livingn matter.
aminon acids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)n plant yeast
fattynacids s
n meter plasman membranes
Downloadednby:nkishen|
Distribution nofnthis ndocumentnis nillegal
, Stuvia.comn-
nThenMarketplacento nBuy nand nSell nyour nStudy nMaterial
1-4 How n doesn cellularn specializationn serven multicellularn organismsn and n hown might n an
highn degreen of n specializationn ben detrimental?
1-5 Then flow n of n geneticn informationn isn controlled n bynan seriesn of n biochemicaln reactionsn t
hat n result n inn thenproductionn ofnproteins,n eachn withnitsnownn specificn ordern of n aminon a
cids.n Choosen then correct n seriesn of n biochemicaln reactionsn fromn then optionsn presented
n here.
(a) replication,n transcription,n translation
(b) replication,n translation,n transcription
(c) translation,n transcription,n replication
(d) translation,n replication,n transcription
1-6 Proteinsn aren important n architecturaln and n catalyticn componentsn withinn then cell,n helpi
ngn ton determinen itsn chemistry,n itsn shape,n andnitsnabilitynton respond nton changesn innthen
environment.n Remarkably,n alln of n then different nproteinsn inn ancelln aren maden fromn then s
amen 20n
.n Byn linkingn themn inn different n sequences,n then celln can
n maken proteinn moleculesn withn different nconformationsn andnsurfacenchemistries,n andn
thereforen different n functions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminon acids.
(d) fattyn acids.
1-7 Whichn statement n isn NOTntruen about n mutations?
(a) Anmutationn isn an changeninn then DNAnthat ncanngeneraten offspringn lessn fit nforn s
urvivaln thann theirn parents.
(b) Anmutationn cann ben an result n of n imperfect n DNA nduplication.
(c) Anmutationn isn an result n of n sexualn reproduction.
(d) Anmutationn isn an changeninn then DNAnthat ncanngeneraten offspringn thatnaren asn f
it n forn survivaln asn theirn parentsn are.
1-8 Changesn inn DNA nsequencen fromn onengenerationn tonthennext nmaynresult n innoffspringn t
hat n aren altered n inn fitnessn compared nwithn theirn parents.n Then processn of nchangen andnsel
ectionn overn then coursen of n manyn generationsn isn then basisn of n .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Select n then optionn that nbestn finishesn then followingn statement:n “Evolutionn isn an
processn .”
(a) that n cann ben understood n based n onn then principlesn of n mutationn and n selection.
(b) that n resultsn fromn repeated n cyclesn of n adaptationn overn billionsn of n years.
(c) bynwhichn alln present-dayncellsn arosen fromn 4–5n different n ancestraln cells.
(d) that n requiresn hundredsn of n thousandsn of n years.
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Distribution nofnthis ndocumentnis nillegal
, Stuvia.comn-
nThenMarketplacento nBuy nand nSell nyour nStudy nMaterial
1-10 Select n then optionn that n correctlyn finishesn then followingn statement:n “Ancell’sn genome
.”
(a) isn defined n asn alln then genesn beingn used n ton maken protein.
(b) containsn alln of n an cell’sn DNA.
(c) constantlynchanges,n dependingn uponn then cell’sn environment.
(d) isn altered n duringn embryonicn development.
Cells Under the Microscope
n n n
1-11 Whichn statement n isn NOTntruenabout nthenevents/conclusionsn fromn studiesn duringnt
hen mid-1800sn surroundingn then discoveryn of n cells?
(a) Cellsn camen ton ben knownn asn then smallest n universaln buildingn blockn of n livingn
organisms.
(b) Scientistsn camen ton then conclusionn that nnew ncellsn cann formn spontaneouslynf
romn then remnantsn of n ruptured n cells.
(c) Light n microscopynwasn essentialn inn demonstratingn then commonalitiesn
betweenn plant n and n animaln tissues.
(d) New n cellsn arisen fromn then growthn and n divisionn of n previouslyn existingn cells.
1-12 What n unit n of nlengthn would nyoungenerallynusen tonmeasuren an typicaln plant norn animaln c
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchn then typen ofnmicroscopynonn thenleftn withn then correspondingn descriptionn
provided n below.n Theren isn onen best n matchn forn each.
A. confocal
B. transmissionn electron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningn electron
F. bright-field
usesn an light n microscopen withn ann opticaln component n ton taken advantagen ofnthendi
fferent n refractiven indicesn of nlight npassingn throughn different nregionsn of nthencel
l.
employsn an light n microscopen and n requiresn that n samplesn ben fixed n and n stained n inn
ordern ton revealn cellularn details.
n n requiresn then usen of ntwon setsn ofnfilters.n Then first nfiltern narrowsn then wavelengthn ran
gen that n reachesnthen specimenn andnthen secondn blocksn outn alln wavelengthsnthatn
passn backn upn ton then eyepiecen exceptnfornthosen emittedn bynthendyen innthen samp
le.
n n scansn then specimenn withn an focusedn lasern beamn ton obtainn an seriesn ofntwo-
n dimensionaln opticaln sections,n whichn cann ben used ntonreconstruct n ann imagen of
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