Personality Psychology Exam 1
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Personality - ✔✔a set of *psychological traits and mechanisms* within the individual
organized and *relatively enduring* and that influence his or her *interactions* with
and *adaptations* to the *intrapsychic, physical, and social* environments
Psychological traits - ✔✔characteristics that describe way sin which people are different
from each other
Psychological mechanisms - ✔✔processes of personality
Murray's 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
Every human being is: - ✔✔1) Like all others (human nature level)
2) Like some others (individual/group level)
3) Like no others (individual uniqueness level)
6 Domains - ✔✔1) Dispositional: ways individuals differ
2) Biological: genetics, psychophysiology, evolution
3) Intrapsychic: mental mechanisms of personality
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,4) Cognitive-Experiential: cognition and subjective experience
5) Social and cultural: personality affects and is affected by social and cultural contexts
6) Adjustment: personality plays a key role in how we adjust to our everyday lives
Don't Buy Swiss Cheese, It's Aged!
Is there a grand theory of personality - ✔✔NO
The 6 domains can ultimately provide foundations for a unified theory
Sources of Personality Data - ✔✔S-data
O-data
T-data (fMRI, projective techniques, experiments)
L-data (life outcome--info gleaned from events)
Agreement across data sources is ___ to____ - ✔✔low to moderate
some traits more observable
depends heavily on research questions
Triangulation - ✔✔examine results that transcend data sources *using two methods to
check the results*
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, Reliability - ✔✔the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of a
trait
3 Types of Reliability - ✔✔1) test-retest
2) inter-rater
3) internal (measures that test the same construct should yield similar results)
Validity - ✔✔extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
5 Types of validity - ✔✔1) Face--appears to "look good"
2)Construct--contains all necessary parts
3) Predictive/Criterion--predicts criteria external to test
4) Convergent--correlates with similar measures
5) Discriminant--does not correlate with dissimilar measures
2 Views of Traits - ✔✔1) Traits as internal properties that CAUSE behavior
2) Traits as purely descriptive summaries with NO assumptions about causality
Act Frequency Approach - ✔✔Traits are categories of acts
3 Ways to Identify most important traits - ✔✔1) Lexical Approach--all important traits
have become encoded within the NATURAL LANGUAGE
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Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Personality - ✔✔a set of *psychological traits and mechanisms* within the individual
organized and *relatively enduring* and that influence his or her *interactions* with
and *adaptations* to the *intrapsychic, physical, and social* environments
Psychological traits - ✔✔characteristics that describe way sin which people are different
from each other
Psychological mechanisms - ✔✔processes of personality
Murray's 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
Every human being is: - ✔✔1) Like all others (human nature level)
2) Like some others (individual/group level)
3) Like no others (individual uniqueness level)
6 Domains - ✔✔1) Dispositional: ways individuals differ
2) Biological: genetics, psychophysiology, evolution
3) Intrapsychic: mental mechanisms of personality
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,4) Cognitive-Experiential: cognition and subjective experience
5) Social and cultural: personality affects and is affected by social and cultural contexts
6) Adjustment: personality plays a key role in how we adjust to our everyday lives
Don't Buy Swiss Cheese, It's Aged!
Is there a grand theory of personality - ✔✔NO
The 6 domains can ultimately provide foundations for a unified theory
Sources of Personality Data - ✔✔S-data
O-data
T-data (fMRI, projective techniques, experiments)
L-data (life outcome--info gleaned from events)
Agreement across data sources is ___ to____ - ✔✔low to moderate
some traits more observable
depends heavily on research questions
Triangulation - ✔✔examine results that transcend data sources *using two methods to
check the results*
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, Reliability - ✔✔the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of a
trait
3 Types of Reliability - ✔✔1) test-retest
2) inter-rater
3) internal (measures that test the same construct should yield similar results)
Validity - ✔✔extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
5 Types of validity - ✔✔1) Face--appears to "look good"
2)Construct--contains all necessary parts
3) Predictive/Criterion--predicts criteria external to test
4) Convergent--correlates with similar measures
5) Discriminant--does not correlate with dissimilar measures
2 Views of Traits - ✔✔1) Traits as internal properties that CAUSE behavior
2) Traits as purely descriptive summaries with NO assumptions about causality
Act Frequency Approach - ✔✔Traits are categories of acts
3 Ways to Identify most important traits - ✔✔1) Lexical Approach--all important traits
have become encoded within the NATURAL LANGUAGE
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