09/02/2025 15:29:44
DPT 6621 Exam 1
what is the cognitive theory of motor development?
Experience drives development
Voluntary movements are learned from interacting with environment
Trial and error; conditioning
How is the cognitive theory of motor development applied?
Motor delay interpreted as a lack of exploration through sensorimotor system
Provide variety of sensory experiences
Promote interaction with objects via hand over hand guidance
What is the dynamic systems theory of motor development?
Individual and environment
Multiple systems engage to affect change
nonlinear
Motor skills learned through adaptation
How is the dynamic systems theory of motor development applied?
Motor delay interpreted as constraints in subsystems limiting motor behavior
Determine the constraint/parameter affecting the skill
Environment that supports or compensates for the limitations
Create task/practice environment to allow for success and for mistakes
Promote a variety of movement patterns for task
High dose/repetitions
What interactions drive movement in the dynamic systems theory?
Sensorimotor
Mechanical
Cognitive
Task
*primary driver role changes
What are external factors to the nervous system that influence child development?
Anthropometrics & body mass
Nutrition
MSK system factors
Cultural differences
Task demands
What are internal factors to the nervous system that influence child development?
Cognitive and behavioral factors (arousal, motivation, memory,
anticipatory/feedforward strategies)
Sensory factors (vision, vestibular, somatosensory)
At what age to neck muscles respond to visual stimuli?
2 months
Does an infant's musculoskeletal system need vision to respond to perturbations?
No, it can respond with vision occluded
What postural adjustments emerge over the first years of life?
Reactive and anticipatory
Define postural development.
The attainment of increasingly erect postures poised over an increasingly small base
of support
,09/02/2025 15:29:44
What are sensitive periods of development?
critical periods
Windows of opportunity
Development is most sensitive to atypical environmental conditions
Brain is extra responsive to experiences
What are the "stages" of development?
Often non-linear
Skills acquired in varying orders and some skills may be skipped
May revert to earlier patterns (creeping >walking >creeping)
How do gross movements develop? (think direction)
Cephalo-caudal (top down)
Proximal to distal
What are developmental principles that describe movement development?
Stability/instability (varies with position, varies with skill acquisition)
Dissociation/fractionation (mass movements to specific, simple to complex)
Variation/variability (different styles/ways to perform movements)
What are primitive reflexes?
They are automatic, stereotyped movements directed from the brainstem and
executed without cortical (conscious) involvement/awareness
They are necessary and provide training for later voluntary skills
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the flexor withdrawal
reflex?
Stimulus: pinprick to sole of foot tested in supine or sitting
Response: toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, entire LE flexes uncontrollably
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 1-2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the crossed extension
reflex?
Stimulus: noxious stimuli to ball of foot of LE fixed in extension tested in supine
Response: opposite LE flexes, then adducts and extends
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 1-2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the traction reflex?
Stimulus: grasp forearm and pull up from supine to sitting
Response: grasp and total flexion of UE
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Suck-swallow reflex?
, 09/02/2025 15:29:44
Stimulus: touch object to roof of mouth
Response: sucking
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the rooting reflex?
Stimulus: stroke or touch on side of cheek
Response: turns head toward touch and opens mouth
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 3 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the stepping reflex?
Stimulus: hold infant upright, tilt slightly forward, with solid surface under feet
Response: reciprocal stepping motion of legs
Onset: birth
Integration: 2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Galant reflex?
Stimulus: stroke paravertebral area from neck to low back
Response: lateral flexion of trunk towards stimulus side with hips and legs moving
toward side of stimulus
Onset: birth
Integration: 3-6 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Moro reflex?
Stimulus: sudden change in position of head in relation to trunk; drop patient
backward from sitting
Response: extension, abduction of UEs, hand opening and crying followed by
flexion, adduction of arms across chest
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 5-6 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the startle reflex?
Stimulus: sudden loud or harsh noise
Response: sudden extension or abduction of UEs, crying
Onset: birth
Integration: persists
DPT 6621 Exam 1
what is the cognitive theory of motor development?
Experience drives development
Voluntary movements are learned from interacting with environment
Trial and error; conditioning
How is the cognitive theory of motor development applied?
Motor delay interpreted as a lack of exploration through sensorimotor system
Provide variety of sensory experiences
Promote interaction with objects via hand over hand guidance
What is the dynamic systems theory of motor development?
Individual and environment
Multiple systems engage to affect change
nonlinear
Motor skills learned through adaptation
How is the dynamic systems theory of motor development applied?
Motor delay interpreted as constraints in subsystems limiting motor behavior
Determine the constraint/parameter affecting the skill
Environment that supports or compensates for the limitations
Create task/practice environment to allow for success and for mistakes
Promote a variety of movement patterns for task
High dose/repetitions
What interactions drive movement in the dynamic systems theory?
Sensorimotor
Mechanical
Cognitive
Task
*primary driver role changes
What are external factors to the nervous system that influence child development?
Anthropometrics & body mass
Nutrition
MSK system factors
Cultural differences
Task demands
What are internal factors to the nervous system that influence child development?
Cognitive and behavioral factors (arousal, motivation, memory,
anticipatory/feedforward strategies)
Sensory factors (vision, vestibular, somatosensory)
At what age to neck muscles respond to visual stimuli?
2 months
Does an infant's musculoskeletal system need vision to respond to perturbations?
No, it can respond with vision occluded
What postural adjustments emerge over the first years of life?
Reactive and anticipatory
Define postural development.
The attainment of increasingly erect postures poised over an increasingly small base
of support
,09/02/2025 15:29:44
What are sensitive periods of development?
critical periods
Windows of opportunity
Development is most sensitive to atypical environmental conditions
Brain is extra responsive to experiences
What are the "stages" of development?
Often non-linear
Skills acquired in varying orders and some skills may be skipped
May revert to earlier patterns (creeping >walking >creeping)
How do gross movements develop? (think direction)
Cephalo-caudal (top down)
Proximal to distal
What are developmental principles that describe movement development?
Stability/instability (varies with position, varies with skill acquisition)
Dissociation/fractionation (mass movements to specific, simple to complex)
Variation/variability (different styles/ways to perform movements)
What are primitive reflexes?
They are automatic, stereotyped movements directed from the brainstem and
executed without cortical (conscious) involvement/awareness
They are necessary and provide training for later voluntary skills
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the flexor withdrawal
reflex?
Stimulus: pinprick to sole of foot tested in supine or sitting
Response: toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, entire LE flexes uncontrollably
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 1-2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the crossed extension
reflex?
Stimulus: noxious stimuli to ball of foot of LE fixed in extension tested in supine
Response: opposite LE flexes, then adducts and extends
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 1-2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the traction reflex?
Stimulus: grasp forearm and pull up from supine to sitting
Response: grasp and total flexion of UE
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Suck-swallow reflex?
, 09/02/2025 15:29:44
Stimulus: touch object to roof of mouth
Response: sucking
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the rooting reflex?
Stimulus: stroke or touch on side of cheek
Response: turns head toward touch and opens mouth
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 3 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the stepping reflex?
Stimulus: hold infant upright, tilt slightly forward, with solid surface under feet
Response: reciprocal stepping motion of legs
Onset: birth
Integration: 2 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Galant reflex?
Stimulus: stroke paravertebral area from neck to low back
Response: lateral flexion of trunk towards stimulus side with hips and legs moving
toward side of stimulus
Onset: birth
Integration: 3-6 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the Moro reflex?
Stimulus: sudden change in position of head in relation to trunk; drop patient
backward from sitting
Response: extension, abduction of UEs, hand opening and crying followed by
flexion, adduction of arms across chest
Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 5-6 months
What is the stimulus, response, onset and integration for the startle reflex?
Stimulus: sudden loud or harsh noise
Response: sudden extension or abduction of UEs, crying
Onset: birth
Integration: persists
