Anatomy 337 Exam 2|249 Accurate Questions
with Solutions
Superficial transverse perineal muscle - -Muscle in superficial perineal layer,
supports organs
- Somatic NS (innervation, number of motor neurons, ganglia, myelination,
excite or inhibit, cell body location) - -- voluntary
- skeletal muscles receive motor innervation
- one lower motor neuron
- no ganglia
- highly myelinated
- always excite effector cells
- cell bodies in ventral horn
- Autonomic NS (innervation, motor neurons, ganglia, myelination, excite or
inhibit, cell body location) - -- involuntary
- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
- two lower motor neurons
- have ganglia
- lightly myelinated or not at all
- excite or inhibit effector cells
- cell bodies in lateral horn
- Sympathetic NS (originate, axon lengths, ganglia location, response type,
NT) - -- fight or flight
- originate in thoracic and first 2 lumbar vertebrae
- short pre, long post
- ganglia close to spinal cord
- widespread response
- release ACh (onto organ) and NE (into blood vessels)
- Parasympathetic NS (originate, axon length, ganglia location, response,
NT) - -- rest and digest
- originate in brainstem and sacral vertebrae
- long pre, short post
- ganglia near or in effector organ
- local response
- release ACh (onto organ)
- Autonomic plexus - -Collection of sympathetic post-ganglionic axons,
parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons, and visceral sensory axons
- Vagus nerve pathway - -- parasympathetic
- originates in brainstem
,- innervates heart, lungs, esophagus, foregut, midgut
- Pelvic nerve pathway - -- parasympathetic
- originates in sacral vertebrae
- innervates hindgut and pelvic organs
- White rami comunicantes - -Preganglionic sympathetic axons of T1-L2
spinal nerves, myelinated
- Grey rami communicantes - -Postganglionic sympathetic axons from
sympathetic trunk to spinal nerve, unmyelinatated
- Spinal nerve pathway - -- originates T1-L2
- innervates integument structures
- Postganglionic sympathetic pathway - -- originates T1-T5
- innervates heart, lungs, esophagus
- Adrenal medulla pathway - -- originates T8-T12
- innervates adrenal medulla
- Splanchnic nerve pathway - -- originates T5-L2
- innervates foregut, midgut, hindgut, pelvic organs
- Adrenal glands - -Pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys that
secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress
- Adrenal medulla - -Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into
surrounding capillaries
- Referred pain - -Occurs when somatic and visceral sensory nerves travel in
the same spinal nerve
- Foregut - -- lower esophagus to 1st half of duodenum
- celiac trunk arteries
- Midgut - -- 2nd half of duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
- superior mesenteric artery
- Hindgut - -- distal 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum
- inferior mesenteric artery
- Bones of vertebral column - -26 bones: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
sacrum, coccyx
- Intervertebral disc layers - -Outer anulus fibrosis and inner nucleus fibrosis
, - Herniated disc - -Inner nucleus fibrosis protrudes out and compresses
spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen
- Cervical vertebrae - -Small body
Bifid spinous process
Small transverse processes with transverse foramen
Superior articular facets face up
Inferior articular facets face down
Triangular vertebral foramen
- Thoracic vertebrae - -Medium body with costal demifacets
Long, downward spinous process
Long transverse processes with facet for rib articulation
Superior articular facets face posteriorly
Interior articular facets face anteriorly
Circular vertebral foramen
- Lumbar vertebrae - -Large body
Large, blunt spinous process
Short transverse processes
Superior articular facets face posteriorly
Interior articular facets face anteriorly
Triangular vertebral foramen
- Sacral vertebrae - -Fused body
Spinous process fused to create median sacral crest
Transverse processes fused to create lateral sacral crest
Only superior articular facets
Sacral canal and sacral foramina for spinal nerve passage
- Iordosis - -Inward curvature of cervical and lumbar regions
- Scoliosis - -Abnormal curvature that deviates from the midsagittal plane
- Atlas (C1) - -Deep superior articular facets that articulate with occipital
condyles, "yes" motion
- Axis (C2) - -Contains dens which acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas
and skull, "no" motion
- Sacrum - -Superior articular process articulates with L5, ventral foramina
contain ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves, dorsal foramina contain dorsal
rami of sacral spinal nerves
- Coccyx - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
with Solutions
Superficial transverse perineal muscle - -Muscle in superficial perineal layer,
supports organs
- Somatic NS (innervation, number of motor neurons, ganglia, myelination,
excite or inhibit, cell body location) - -- voluntary
- skeletal muscles receive motor innervation
- one lower motor neuron
- no ganglia
- highly myelinated
- always excite effector cells
- cell bodies in ventral horn
- Autonomic NS (innervation, motor neurons, ganglia, myelination, excite or
inhibit, cell body location) - -- involuntary
- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
- two lower motor neurons
- have ganglia
- lightly myelinated or not at all
- excite or inhibit effector cells
- cell bodies in lateral horn
- Sympathetic NS (originate, axon lengths, ganglia location, response type,
NT) - -- fight or flight
- originate in thoracic and first 2 lumbar vertebrae
- short pre, long post
- ganglia close to spinal cord
- widespread response
- release ACh (onto organ) and NE (into blood vessels)
- Parasympathetic NS (originate, axon length, ganglia location, response,
NT) - -- rest and digest
- originate in brainstem and sacral vertebrae
- long pre, short post
- ganglia near or in effector organ
- local response
- release ACh (onto organ)
- Autonomic plexus - -Collection of sympathetic post-ganglionic axons,
parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons, and visceral sensory axons
- Vagus nerve pathway - -- parasympathetic
- originates in brainstem
,- innervates heart, lungs, esophagus, foregut, midgut
- Pelvic nerve pathway - -- parasympathetic
- originates in sacral vertebrae
- innervates hindgut and pelvic organs
- White rami comunicantes - -Preganglionic sympathetic axons of T1-L2
spinal nerves, myelinated
- Grey rami communicantes - -Postganglionic sympathetic axons from
sympathetic trunk to spinal nerve, unmyelinatated
- Spinal nerve pathway - -- originates T1-L2
- innervates integument structures
- Postganglionic sympathetic pathway - -- originates T1-T5
- innervates heart, lungs, esophagus
- Adrenal medulla pathway - -- originates T8-T12
- innervates adrenal medulla
- Splanchnic nerve pathway - -- originates T5-L2
- innervates foregut, midgut, hindgut, pelvic organs
- Adrenal glands - -Pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys that
secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress
- Adrenal medulla - -Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into
surrounding capillaries
- Referred pain - -Occurs when somatic and visceral sensory nerves travel in
the same spinal nerve
- Foregut - -- lower esophagus to 1st half of duodenum
- celiac trunk arteries
- Midgut - -- 2nd half of duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
- superior mesenteric artery
- Hindgut - -- distal 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum
- inferior mesenteric artery
- Bones of vertebral column - -26 bones: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
sacrum, coccyx
- Intervertebral disc layers - -Outer anulus fibrosis and inner nucleus fibrosis
, - Herniated disc - -Inner nucleus fibrosis protrudes out and compresses
spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen
- Cervical vertebrae - -Small body
Bifid spinous process
Small transverse processes with transverse foramen
Superior articular facets face up
Inferior articular facets face down
Triangular vertebral foramen
- Thoracic vertebrae - -Medium body with costal demifacets
Long, downward spinous process
Long transverse processes with facet for rib articulation
Superior articular facets face posteriorly
Interior articular facets face anteriorly
Circular vertebral foramen
- Lumbar vertebrae - -Large body
Large, blunt spinous process
Short transverse processes
Superior articular facets face posteriorly
Interior articular facets face anteriorly
Triangular vertebral foramen
- Sacral vertebrae - -Fused body
Spinous process fused to create median sacral crest
Transverse processes fused to create lateral sacral crest
Only superior articular facets
Sacral canal and sacral foramina for spinal nerve passage
- Iordosis - -Inward curvature of cervical and lumbar regions
- Scoliosis - -Abnormal curvature that deviates from the midsagittal plane
- Atlas (C1) - -Deep superior articular facets that articulate with occipital
condyles, "yes" motion
- Axis (C2) - -Contains dens which acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas
and skull, "no" motion
- Sacrum - -Superior articular process articulates with L5, ventral foramina
contain ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves, dorsal foramina contain dorsal
rami of sacral spinal nerves
- Coccyx - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
