Anatomy 337 Unit 2 flashcards Exam
|321 Questions with Solutions
Vertebral column. # of bones? - -26 bones
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
inferior
-Sacrum, 5 fused vertebrae
-Coccyx, 3-5 fused vertebrae
- Primary curvature - -Thoracic and sacral (born with them)
- Secondary curvature - -Cervical and lumbar (develop in first 2 years of life)
- Intervertebral foramen - -Where the spinal nerves exit out
- Cervical vertebrae's -> transverse foramen - -For blood vessels
- Atlas - --Has deep superior articular facets-> where skull articulates
(occipital condyles)
-Used for nodding
- Axis - --Has a dens, which acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and
the skull
-Shaking head NO
- Sacrum - --Sacral Canal: terminal ends of some nerves are traveling here-
> go out through sacral foramen
-Superior articular process: articulates w/ L5
-Ventral (anterior) foramina: ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
-Dorsal (posterior) foramina: dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- Coccyx - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- Kyphosis - --excessive outward curvature of the spine (primary, thoracic)
-"hunchback"
- Lordosis - --normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumbar and cervical
regions
-some lordosis normal, too much is "sway-back"
- Scoliosis - --sideways curvature of the spine
, - Annulus fibrosus - --Intervertebral articulation
-Fibrous, outer portion of disc
- Nucleus pulposus - --Intervertebral articulation
-Squishy, inner layer of disc
- Herniated disc - --Occurs in the inner layer, squishy inner layer leaks out
- Erector Spinae Muscles - -1) Iliocostalis
2) Longissimus
3) Spinalis
Functions
-Bilateral: Extension of the vertebral column
-Unilateral (not spinalis): Lateral flexion of the vertebral column
- Thoracic cage - -Composed of
1) Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
2) Ribs laterally
3) Sternum/costal cartilage anteriorly
-Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus... also creates anchor for
attachments to body
- Xiphoid process - -Bottom part of sternum.
-Ossifies around age 40, when young its hyaline cartilage
- True ribs - -7 True ribs
-directly articulate w/ sternum via hyaline costal cartilage
- False ribs - -5 false ribs (including 2 floating ribs)
-Indirect sternal articulation
- Floating ribs - -Last 2 of 5 false ribs
-DO NOT articulate with sternum
- Head (rib anatomy) - -
- Articular facet for transverse process (rib anatomy) - -Where the rib
articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
-transverse process of INFERIOR vertebrae articulates with angle of rib
- Articular facets for vertebral bodies, superior and inferior (rib anatomy) - -
- Shaft (rib anatomy) - -
,- Neck (rib anatomy) - -
- Angle (rib anatomy) - -
- Intercostal muscles (general) - -Attachments: inferior border of superior rib
to superior border of inferior rib
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- External Intercostals - --Elevates ribs
-Inhalation (both forced or everyday)
- Internal Intercostals - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
- Transversus Thoracis - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- Serratus posterior superior - --Elevates ribs
-Forced inhalation
- Serratus posterior inferior - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- Intercostal Nerves - --Anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
-Travel in intercostal spaces, spaces named for rib SUPERIOR to them
spinal nerve T12= subcostal nerve
- Posterior longitudinal system - -Descending aorta: origin of most arteries
of the trunk wall
-Gives Posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery
- Anterior longitudinal system - -Internal thoracic artery: branch of
subclavian artery
-Give anterior intercostal arteries
- Muscles of Abdominal Wall - -1) External oblique: Superficial lateral muscle
(fingers going into pocket)
2) Internal oblique: Middle lateral muscle, right angle to external (thumbs)
, 3) Transverse abdominus: Deep lateral muscle, directed horizontally
4) Rectus abdominus: Anterior muscle connecting sternum to pubic bone
ALL innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
- External Oblique - -Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the
vertebral column (contralateral rotation) - to rotate left, use right external
oblique
Bilateral action: Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
INGUINAL LIGAMENT: Lines the inferior border of the external oblique
- Internal Oblique - -Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the
vertebral column (ipsilateral rotation)
Bilateral action: Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Transversus Abdominus - -"Corset"
Action: Compresses the abdominal wall
- Rectus Abdominus - -Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Inguinal region - -1) Inguinal ligament: Thick, under-turned bottom margin
of external oblique
-Helps to hold structures passing from the trunk to the lower limb against the
body in hip flexion
2) Inguinal canal: Creates a weakness in the abdominal wall
3) Deep inguinal ring: canal entrance
4) Superficial inguinal ring: canal exit
-spermatic cord comes out of this
-area a little bit weaker
-gap in external oblique
- Perineum - -Diamond shaped region between the thighs
-Bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
-A line b/w the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into the urogenital
triangle and anal triangle
- Pelvic floor - -Three layers of muscles:
|321 Questions with Solutions
Vertebral column. # of bones? - -26 bones
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
inferior
-Sacrum, 5 fused vertebrae
-Coccyx, 3-5 fused vertebrae
- Primary curvature - -Thoracic and sacral (born with them)
- Secondary curvature - -Cervical and lumbar (develop in first 2 years of life)
- Intervertebral foramen - -Where the spinal nerves exit out
- Cervical vertebrae's -> transverse foramen - -For blood vessels
- Atlas - --Has deep superior articular facets-> where skull articulates
(occipital condyles)
-Used for nodding
- Axis - --Has a dens, which acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and
the skull
-Shaking head NO
- Sacrum - --Sacral Canal: terminal ends of some nerves are traveling here-
> go out through sacral foramen
-Superior articular process: articulates w/ L5
-Ventral (anterior) foramina: ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
-Dorsal (posterior) foramina: dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- Coccyx - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- Kyphosis - --excessive outward curvature of the spine (primary, thoracic)
-"hunchback"
- Lordosis - --normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumbar and cervical
regions
-some lordosis normal, too much is "sway-back"
- Scoliosis - --sideways curvature of the spine
, - Annulus fibrosus - --Intervertebral articulation
-Fibrous, outer portion of disc
- Nucleus pulposus - --Intervertebral articulation
-Squishy, inner layer of disc
- Herniated disc - --Occurs in the inner layer, squishy inner layer leaks out
- Erector Spinae Muscles - -1) Iliocostalis
2) Longissimus
3) Spinalis
Functions
-Bilateral: Extension of the vertebral column
-Unilateral (not spinalis): Lateral flexion of the vertebral column
- Thoracic cage - -Composed of
1) Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
2) Ribs laterally
3) Sternum/costal cartilage anteriorly
-Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus... also creates anchor for
attachments to body
- Xiphoid process - -Bottom part of sternum.
-Ossifies around age 40, when young its hyaline cartilage
- True ribs - -7 True ribs
-directly articulate w/ sternum via hyaline costal cartilage
- False ribs - -5 false ribs (including 2 floating ribs)
-Indirect sternal articulation
- Floating ribs - -Last 2 of 5 false ribs
-DO NOT articulate with sternum
- Head (rib anatomy) - -
- Articular facet for transverse process (rib anatomy) - -Where the rib
articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
-transverse process of INFERIOR vertebrae articulates with angle of rib
- Articular facets for vertebral bodies, superior and inferior (rib anatomy) - -
- Shaft (rib anatomy) - -
,- Neck (rib anatomy) - -
- Angle (rib anatomy) - -
- Intercostal muscles (general) - -Attachments: inferior border of superior rib
to superior border of inferior rib
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- External Intercostals - --Elevates ribs
-Inhalation (both forced or everyday)
- Internal Intercostals - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
- Transversus Thoracis - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- Serratus posterior superior - --Elevates ribs
-Forced inhalation
- Serratus posterior inferior - --Depresses ribs
-Forced exhalation
Innervation: intercostal nerves
- Intercostal Nerves - --Anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
-Travel in intercostal spaces, spaces named for rib SUPERIOR to them
spinal nerve T12= subcostal nerve
- Posterior longitudinal system - -Descending aorta: origin of most arteries
of the trunk wall
-Gives Posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery
- Anterior longitudinal system - -Internal thoracic artery: branch of
subclavian artery
-Give anterior intercostal arteries
- Muscles of Abdominal Wall - -1) External oblique: Superficial lateral muscle
(fingers going into pocket)
2) Internal oblique: Middle lateral muscle, right angle to external (thumbs)
, 3) Transverse abdominus: Deep lateral muscle, directed horizontally
4) Rectus abdominus: Anterior muscle connecting sternum to pubic bone
ALL innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
- External Oblique - -Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the
vertebral column (contralateral rotation) - to rotate left, use right external
oblique
Bilateral action: Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
INGUINAL LIGAMENT: Lines the inferior border of the external oblique
- Internal Oblique - -Unilateral action: Lateral flexion and rotation of the
vertebral column (ipsilateral rotation)
Bilateral action: Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Transversus Abdominus - -"Corset"
Action: Compresses the abdominal wall
- Rectus Abdominus - -Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Inguinal region - -1) Inguinal ligament: Thick, under-turned bottom margin
of external oblique
-Helps to hold structures passing from the trunk to the lower limb against the
body in hip flexion
2) Inguinal canal: Creates a weakness in the abdominal wall
3) Deep inguinal ring: canal entrance
4) Superficial inguinal ring: canal exit
-spermatic cord comes out of this
-area a little bit weaker
-gap in external oblique
- Perineum - -Diamond shaped region between the thighs
-Bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
-A line b/w the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into the urogenital
triangle and anal triangle
- Pelvic floor - -Three layers of muscles:
