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Chapter 01: Radiation History
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Radiation is defined as
a. a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles.
b. a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor.
c. a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a
TEST BANK : TITLE OF TEXTBOOK: DENTAL metal target in an x-ray tube.
d. a branch of medicine that deals with the use of x-rays.
RADIOGRAPHY, PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, ANS: A
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles. An x-ray is a beam of
JOEN IANNUCCI & LAURA JANSEN HOWERTON, 6TH energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on a receptor.
EDITION
X-radiation is a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a
metal target in an x-ray tube. Radiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the use of
x-rays.
DIF: Recall REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics
and radiobiology
2. A radiograph is defined as
a. a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor.
b. a picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body.
c. the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of an image receptor to
x-rays.
d. a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles.
ANS: B
An x-ray is a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor. A radiograph is a picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays
through an object or body. Radiography is the art and science of making dental images by the
exposure of a receptor to x-rays. Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams
of particles.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics
and radiobiology
3. Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the following is the
correct response?
a. An oral examination with dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically.
b. All dental diseases and conditions produce clinical signs and symptoms.
,https://www.stuvia.com/ https://www.stuvia.com/
c. Dental images are not a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. d. 2
d. Many dental diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental
ANS: D
images.
Current fast radiographic film requires 98% less exposure time than the initial exposure times
ANS: D used in 1920.
An oral examination without dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen clinically.
Many dental diseases and conditions produce no clinical signs and symptoms. Dental images DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 5 OBJ: 6
are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Many dental diseases are typically TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
discovered only through the use of dental images. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
DIF: Application REF: Page 2 OBJ: 2 7. Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique?
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation a. C. Edmund Kells
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General b. Franklin W. McCormack
c. F. Gordon Fitzgerald
4. The x-ray was discovered by d. Howard Riley Raper
a. Heinrich Geissler
b. Wilhelm Roentgen ANS: C
c. Johann Hittorf C. Edmund Kells introduced the paralleling technique in 1896. Franklin W. McCormack
d. William Crookes reintroduced the paralleling technique in 1920. F. Gordon Fitzgerald modified the paralleling
technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique. This is the technique currently
ANS: B used. Howard Riley Raper modified the bisecting technique and introduced the bite-wing
Heinrich Geissler built the first vacuum tube in 1838. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the technique in 1925.
x-ray on November 8, 1895. Johann Hittorf observed in 1870 that discharges emitted from
the negative electrode of a vacuum tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat, and resulted DIF: Recall REF: Page 4 OBJ: 7
in a greenish fluorescence. William Crookes discovered in the late 1870s that cathode rays TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
were streams of charged particles. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
DIF: Recall REF: Page 2 OBJ: 4 8. Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging?
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation a. Increased patient radiation exposure
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General b. Increased patient comfort
c. Increased speed for viewing images
5. Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States using a live person? d. Increased chemical usage
a. Otto Walkoff
ANS: C
b. Wilhelm Roentgen
c. Edmund Kells Patient exposure is reduced with digital imaging. Digital sensors are more sensitive to x-rays
d. Weston Price than film. Digital sensors are rigid and bulky, causing decreased patient comfort. The image
from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for
ANS: C chemical processing. This allows for immediate interpretation and evaluation. The image from
Otto Walkoff was a German dentist who made the first dental radiograph. Wilhelm Roentgen digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for chemical
was a Bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray. Edmund Kells exposed the first dental processing.
radiograph in the United States using a live person. Price introduced the bisecting technique
in 1904. DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 6 OBJ: 7
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.2. Demonstrate basic knowledge of digital radiography
DIF: Recall REF: Page 4 OBJ: 5 MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General 9. Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?
a. Beta particles
6. Current fast radiographic film requires % less exposure time than the initial exposure b. Alpha particles
times used in 1920. c. Cathode rays
a. 33 d. Radioactive materials
b. 98
ANS: C
c. 73
,https://www.stuvia.com/ https://www.stuvia.com/
Beta particles are fast moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms and are
not associated with x-rays. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and are
not associated with x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays when he
discovered x-rays. Radioactive materials are certain unstable atoms or elements that are in the Chapter 02: Radiation Physics
process of spontaneous disintegration or decay.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 3 OBJ: 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
1. The fundamental unit of matter is the
a. proton.
10. Which of the following would you place in the patient’s mouth in order to take dental x-rays?
a. Image b. neutron.
b. Image receptor c. electron.
c. Radiograph d. atom.
d. Dental radiograph
ANS: D
ANS: B A proton is a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. A neutron is
An image is a picture or likeness of an object. An image receptor is the recording medium a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. An electron is a
(film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) that is placed in the patient’s mouth to record the subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. The fundamental unit of
image produced by the x-rays. A radiograph is an image of two-dimensional representation matter is the atom.
of a three- dimensional object. A dental radiograph is the dental image produced on a
recording medium. DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
DIF: Application REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1 MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation radiophysics and radiobiology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
2. The nucleus of an atom contains
a. protons.
b. neutrons.
c. protons and neutrons.
d. electrons.
ANS: C
The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons as well as protons. The nucleus of an atom
contains protons as well as neutrons. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and
neutrons. The nucleus of an atom does not contain electrons; it contains protons and
neutrons.
DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology
3. Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?
a. A neutron
b. A proton
c. An electron
d. A nucleon
ANS: C
A neutron does not carry an electrical charge. A proton carries a positive electrical charge.
An electron carries a negative electrical charge. A nucleon carries a positive (proton) or
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no (neutron) electrical charge. c. weaker for electrons located in inner
shells than in outer shells.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 d. determined by the atomic number.
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of ANS: B
radiophysics and radiobiology The binding energy or binding force of an electron is determined by the distance between
the nucleus and the orbiting electron. The binding energy or binding force of an electron
4. Which of the following elements is the simplest atom? is determined by the distance between the orbiting electron and the nucleus, not the
a. Hydrogen (H #1) distance between the orbiting electrons. The binding energy or binding force of an
b. Helium (He #2) electron is stronger for electrons located in inner shells than for outer shells.
c. Nitrogen (N #7)
d. Oxygen (O #8) DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 TOP: CDA, N/A
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
ANS: A radiophysics and radiobiology
Atomic numbers are assigned from simplest to most complex. Hydrogen is the simplest
atom; with a single proton, it has an atomic number of 1. Helium has an atomic number 7. Which of the following statements is true of ionization?
of 2. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. a. An atom that gains an electron will have a
negative charge.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 b. An atom that loses an electron will have a
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
negative charge.
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology c. An atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
5. Which of the following statements is true of orbits or shells in the atom? d. An atom that gains an electron has a
a. Protons travel around the nucleus in well- negative charge, and an atom that loses an
defined shells. electron has a positive charge.
b. An atom contains innumerable shells. ANS: D
c. The energy level within each shell is the This answer is not the best answer. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge;
same. however, an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. An atom that loses an
d. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus electron will have a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge;
has the highest energy level. however, an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge. An atom that gains an
ANS: D electron will have a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron will have a
Electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined shells. An atom contains a maximum positive charge.
of seven shells. Each of the maximum seven shells within an atom represents a different
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 10 OBJ: 3
energy level. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus has the highest energy level. The K
TOP: CDA, N/A
shell is the orbiting shell closest to the nucleus. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation 8. An ion pair results when
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
a. a proton is removed from an atom.
radiophysics and radiobiology
b. an electron is removed from an atom.
6. The binding energy or binding force of an electron is c. a neutron is removed from an atom.
a. determined by the distance between the d. two atoms share a pair of electrons.
neutrons and protons within the nucleus.
ANS: B
b. determined by the distance between the An ion pair results when an electron is removed from an atom rather than a proton; a
orbiting electrons and the nucleus. neutron.
Chapter 01: Radiation History
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Radiation is defined as
a. a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles.
b. a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor.
c. a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a
TEST BANK : TITLE OF TEXTBOOK: DENTAL metal target in an x-ray tube.
d. a branch of medicine that deals with the use of x-rays.
RADIOGRAPHY, PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, ANS: A
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles. An x-ray is a beam of
JOEN IANNUCCI & LAURA JANSEN HOWERTON, 6TH energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on a receptor.
EDITION
X-radiation is a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a
metal target in an x-ray tube. Radiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the use of
x-rays.
DIF: Recall REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics
and radiobiology
2. A radiograph is defined as
a. a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor.
b. a picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body.
c. the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of an image receptor to
x-rays.
d. a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles.
ANS: B
An x-ray is a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor. A radiograph is a picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays
through an object or body. Radiography is the art and science of making dental images by the
exposure of a receptor to x-rays. Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams
of particles.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics
and radiobiology
3. Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the following is the
correct response?
a. An oral examination with dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically.
b. All dental diseases and conditions produce clinical signs and symptoms.
,https://www.stuvia.com/ https://www.stuvia.com/
c. Dental images are not a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. d. 2
d. Many dental diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental
ANS: D
images.
Current fast radiographic film requires 98% less exposure time than the initial exposure times
ANS: D used in 1920.
An oral examination without dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen clinically.
Many dental diseases and conditions produce no clinical signs and symptoms. Dental images DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 5 OBJ: 6
are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Many dental diseases are typically TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
discovered only through the use of dental images. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
DIF: Application REF: Page 2 OBJ: 2 7. Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique?
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation a. C. Edmund Kells
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General b. Franklin W. McCormack
c. F. Gordon Fitzgerald
4. The x-ray was discovered by d. Howard Riley Raper
a. Heinrich Geissler
b. Wilhelm Roentgen ANS: C
c. Johann Hittorf C. Edmund Kells introduced the paralleling technique in 1896. Franklin W. McCormack
d. William Crookes reintroduced the paralleling technique in 1920. F. Gordon Fitzgerald modified the paralleling
technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique. This is the technique currently
ANS: B used. Howard Riley Raper modified the bisecting technique and introduced the bite-wing
Heinrich Geissler built the first vacuum tube in 1838. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the technique in 1925.
x-ray on November 8, 1895. Johann Hittorf observed in 1870 that discharges emitted from
the negative electrode of a vacuum tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat, and resulted DIF: Recall REF: Page 4 OBJ: 7
in a greenish fluorescence. William Crookes discovered in the late 1870s that cathode rays TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
were streams of charged particles. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
DIF: Recall REF: Page 2 OBJ: 4 8. Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging?
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation a. Increased patient radiation exposure
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General b. Increased patient comfort
c. Increased speed for viewing images
5. Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States using a live person? d. Increased chemical usage
a. Otto Walkoff
ANS: C
b. Wilhelm Roentgen
c. Edmund Kells Patient exposure is reduced with digital imaging. Digital sensors are more sensitive to x-rays
d. Weston Price than film. Digital sensors are rigid and bulky, causing decreased patient comfort. The image
from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for
ANS: C chemical processing. This allows for immediate interpretation and evaluation. The image from
Otto Walkoff was a German dentist who made the first dental radiograph. Wilhelm Roentgen digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for chemical
was a Bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray. Edmund Kells exposed the first dental processing.
radiograph in the United States using a live person. Price introduced the bisecting technique
in 1904. DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 6 OBJ: 7
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.2. Demonstrate basic knowledge of digital radiography
DIF: Recall REF: Page 4 OBJ: 5 MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General 9. Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?
a. Beta particles
6. Current fast radiographic film requires % less exposure time than the initial exposure b. Alpha particles
times used in 1920. c. Cathode rays
a. 33 d. Radioactive materials
b. 98
ANS: C
c. 73
,https://www.stuvia.com/ https://www.stuvia.com/
Beta particles are fast moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms and are
not associated with x-rays. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and are
not associated with x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays when he
discovered x-rays. Radioactive materials are certain unstable atoms or elements that are in the Chapter 02: Radiation Physics
process of spontaneous disintegration or decay.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 3 OBJ: 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
1. The fundamental unit of matter is the
a. proton.
10. Which of the following would you place in the patient’s mouth in order to take dental x-rays?
a. Image b. neutron.
b. Image receptor c. electron.
c. Radiograph d. atom.
d. Dental radiograph
ANS: D
ANS: B A proton is a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. A neutron is
An image is a picture or likeness of an object. An image receptor is the recording medium a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. An electron is a
(film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) that is placed in the patient’s mouth to record the subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. The fundamental unit of
image produced by the x-rays. A radiograph is an image of two-dimensional representation matter is the atom.
of a three- dimensional object. A dental radiograph is the dental image produced on a
recording medium. DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
DIF: Application REF: Page 2 OBJ: 1 MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation radiophysics and radiobiology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.5 General
2. The nucleus of an atom contains
a. protons.
b. neutrons.
c. protons and neutrons.
d. electrons.
ANS: C
The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons as well as protons. The nucleus of an atom
contains protons as well as neutrons. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and
neutrons. The nucleus of an atom does not contain electrons; it contains protons and
neutrons.
DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology
3. Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?
a. A neutron
b. A proton
c. An electron
d. A nucleon
ANS: C
A neutron does not carry an electrical charge. A proton carries a positive electrical charge.
An electron carries a negative electrical charge. A nucleon carries a positive (proton) or
,https://www.stuvia.com/ https://www.stuvia.com/
no (neutron) electrical charge. c. weaker for electrons located in inner
shells than in outer shells.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 d. determined by the atomic number.
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of ANS: B
radiophysics and radiobiology The binding energy or binding force of an electron is determined by the distance between
the nucleus and the orbiting electron. The binding energy or binding force of an electron
4. Which of the following elements is the simplest atom? is determined by the distance between the orbiting electron and the nucleus, not the
a. Hydrogen (H #1) distance between the orbiting electrons. The binding energy or binding force of an
b. Helium (He #2) electron is stronger for electrons located in inner shells than for outer shells.
c. Nitrogen (N #7)
d. Oxygen (O #8) DIF: Recall REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 TOP: CDA, N/A
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
ANS: A radiophysics and radiobiology
Atomic numbers are assigned from simplest to most complex. Hydrogen is the simplest
atom; with a single proton, it has an atomic number of 1. Helium has an atomic number 7. Which of the following statements is true of ionization?
of 2. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. a. An atom that gains an electron will have a
negative charge.
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2 b. An atom that loses an electron will have a
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
negative charge.
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology c. An atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
5. Which of the following statements is true of orbits or shells in the atom? d. An atom that gains an electron has a
a. Protons travel around the nucleus in well- negative charge, and an atom that loses an
defined shells. electron has a positive charge.
b. An atom contains innumerable shells. ANS: D
c. The energy level within each shell is the This answer is not the best answer. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge;
same. however, an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. An atom that loses an
d. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus electron will have a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge;
has the highest energy level. however, an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge. An atom that gains an
ANS: D electron will have a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron will have a
Electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined shells. An atom contains a maximum positive charge.
of seven shells. Each of the maximum seven shells within an atom represents a different
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 10 OBJ: 3
energy level. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus has the highest energy level. The K
TOP: CDA, N/A
shell is the orbiting shell closest to the nucleus. MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
radiophysics and radiobiology
DIF: Comprehension REF: Page 8 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation 8. An ion pair results when
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs | NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of
a. a proton is removed from an atom.
radiophysics and radiobiology
b. an electron is removed from an atom.
6. The binding energy or binding force of an electron is c. a neutron is removed from an atom.
a. determined by the distance between the d. two atoms share a pair of electrons.
neutrons and protons within the nucleus.
ANS: B
b. determined by the distance between the An ion pair results when an electron is removed from an atom rather than a proton; a
orbiting electrons and the nucleus. neutron.
