CATA FINAL EXAM
radial collateral ligament sprain - ✔️✔️Rare
Pain and laxity
Weakness during pronation and supination
Weakness of wrist extensors
Anterior capaular ligament sprain - ✔️✔️Can be seen in FOOSH (hyperextension
elbow)
Pain in cubital fossa
Pain with passive elbow extension at EROM
Elbow flexors may also be affected
Ulanar collateral ligament Sprain - ✔️✔️Pain with movement
Feeling of potential instability
Pronation and wrist flexors weak
Swelling can be noted - medial and posterior aspects
Ecchymosis
Ulnar nerve involvement
Valgus Extension Overload - ✔️✔️Posteromedial and lateral elbow pain
Nerve paresthesia
Medial Epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Caused by:
Repeated, medial tension/lateral compression
Swift, powerful snappin of the wrist and pronation of the forearm
Also known as GOLFER's elbow
Medial epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Swelling ecchymosis
Tenderness on origin of common flexor tendon (1-2cm below FCR and PT muscle)
Pain with wrist flexion and pronation
Grip decreased
Nerve involvement - ulnar nerve
Valgus stress pain at 20-30
Little League Elbow - ✔️✔️Avulsion of common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle
due to tension
Growth plate vulnerable
Restrict pitches/week
lateral epicondylitis - ✔️✔️TENNIS elbow
Inflammation or repetitive stresses at lateral epicondyle
,Extensor carpi radialis brevis mostly affected
Irritation the common origin of wrist extensir muscles
Repetitive eccentric forces
lateral epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Pain over lateral epicondyle
Decreased grip strength
Pain with gripping
May see swelling, point tenderness over lateral epicondyle with palpation
Pain with resisted wrist extension, elbow extension, forearm supination
Possible entrapment of radial nerve
Ulnar nerve pathology - ✔️✔️Superficial
Nerve supporting structures are unstable
MOI:
Chronically sublux as forearm is flexed
Traction forces when throwing (valgus)
Inflamation can decreased cubital tunnel leading to compression ulnar nerve
Ulna nerve pathology - ✔️✔️Ulna nerve stretch with elbow flexion/wrist extension
May complain of decreased sensory and motor function
Complain of increased symptoms with elbow flexed for extended periods of time
Burning to medial forearm, pinky/ring finger
Decreased strength of finger flexors, thumb abductors and FCU
Numbness on dorsal side - indicating ulnar neuropathy
Numbness on palmar side - indicating entrapment
Ulnar N entrapment - ✔️✔️Between the two heads of the FCU
Between the medial epicondyle
Radial Nerve Pathology - ✔️✔️Most commonly injured with deep lacerations of the
elbow or secondary fractures of the humerus or radius
Radial Tunnel Syndrome:
Entrapment of radial nerve
Located more distal lateral epicondylitis
Resisted supination
Extension of the middle finger
Median Nerve Pathology - ✔️✔️Typically injured at distal forearm:
Pressure as the nerve crosses the cubital fossa can put pressure on the median nerve
Pronator teres syndrome:
Median nerve compresses by pronator teres
Inability to pinch the tips of the thumb and index finger together
Carpal tunnel syndrome
, Forearm Compatment syndrome - ✔️✔️Increased pressure in the palmar, dorsal
components of the forearm
Caused by: hypertrophy muscles, Hemorrahge, fractures to the mide forearm or distal
radius, supracondylar area
Increase risk of compromising : circulation and neurological function
Complains of pressure in the forearm
Sensory disruption in hand/fingers
Decreased muscular strength
Pain during stretching of the muscles
Prolonged/increased intensity, absence of radial or ulnar pulses leading to Volkmann's
ischemic contracture
Bicep Rupture - ✔️✔️Strains: occur midbelly of muscle or distal end of tendon
Ruptures most common in males 40+
Tendon degrades with time
MOI: eccentric loading of biceps brachii when elbow is flexed to 90 degree
Complete or partial tears
Loss of strength of elbow flexion and supination
Chief complaints: pain, pop, loss of elbow flexion
Swelling ecchymosis
Palpable defect possible
Triceps strain - ✔️✔️Usually caused by eccentric load of the triceps
Possible swelling, ecchymosis, palpable defect
Chief Complaints: pain with elbow extension, loss pf strength
Elbow dislpcation - ✔️✔️Large traumatic force: axial load through forearm with elbow
sligthly flexed
Posterior dislocation is 90% of the cases
Onset of rapid swelling, deformity
Compromised blood vessels and nerves
Reduction ASAP
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum - ✔️✔️Develops from increased valgus
loading compressing the radial head and capitulum with overhead throwing
Chief Complaint : lateral elbow pain that increases with activity, flexion contracture,
locking of the elbow
olecron bursitis - ✔️✔️Acute or chorinic : fall on flexed elbow , constantly leaning on
elbow - repetitive pressure
Subcutaneous bursa: located between the olecranon process and skin, injured from
traumatic force to elbow
Subtendinous bursa
Located between triceps tendon and olecranon process
radial collateral ligament sprain - ✔️✔️Rare
Pain and laxity
Weakness during pronation and supination
Weakness of wrist extensors
Anterior capaular ligament sprain - ✔️✔️Can be seen in FOOSH (hyperextension
elbow)
Pain in cubital fossa
Pain with passive elbow extension at EROM
Elbow flexors may also be affected
Ulanar collateral ligament Sprain - ✔️✔️Pain with movement
Feeling of potential instability
Pronation and wrist flexors weak
Swelling can be noted - medial and posterior aspects
Ecchymosis
Ulnar nerve involvement
Valgus Extension Overload - ✔️✔️Posteromedial and lateral elbow pain
Nerve paresthesia
Medial Epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Caused by:
Repeated, medial tension/lateral compression
Swift, powerful snappin of the wrist and pronation of the forearm
Also known as GOLFER's elbow
Medial epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Swelling ecchymosis
Tenderness on origin of common flexor tendon (1-2cm below FCR and PT muscle)
Pain with wrist flexion and pronation
Grip decreased
Nerve involvement - ulnar nerve
Valgus stress pain at 20-30
Little League Elbow - ✔️✔️Avulsion of common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle
due to tension
Growth plate vulnerable
Restrict pitches/week
lateral epicondylitis - ✔️✔️TENNIS elbow
Inflammation or repetitive stresses at lateral epicondyle
,Extensor carpi radialis brevis mostly affected
Irritation the common origin of wrist extensir muscles
Repetitive eccentric forces
lateral epicondylitis - ✔️✔️Pain over lateral epicondyle
Decreased grip strength
Pain with gripping
May see swelling, point tenderness over lateral epicondyle with palpation
Pain with resisted wrist extension, elbow extension, forearm supination
Possible entrapment of radial nerve
Ulnar nerve pathology - ✔️✔️Superficial
Nerve supporting structures are unstable
MOI:
Chronically sublux as forearm is flexed
Traction forces when throwing (valgus)
Inflamation can decreased cubital tunnel leading to compression ulnar nerve
Ulna nerve pathology - ✔️✔️Ulna nerve stretch with elbow flexion/wrist extension
May complain of decreased sensory and motor function
Complain of increased symptoms with elbow flexed for extended periods of time
Burning to medial forearm, pinky/ring finger
Decreased strength of finger flexors, thumb abductors and FCU
Numbness on dorsal side - indicating ulnar neuropathy
Numbness on palmar side - indicating entrapment
Ulnar N entrapment - ✔️✔️Between the two heads of the FCU
Between the medial epicondyle
Radial Nerve Pathology - ✔️✔️Most commonly injured with deep lacerations of the
elbow or secondary fractures of the humerus or radius
Radial Tunnel Syndrome:
Entrapment of radial nerve
Located more distal lateral epicondylitis
Resisted supination
Extension of the middle finger
Median Nerve Pathology - ✔️✔️Typically injured at distal forearm:
Pressure as the nerve crosses the cubital fossa can put pressure on the median nerve
Pronator teres syndrome:
Median nerve compresses by pronator teres
Inability to pinch the tips of the thumb and index finger together
Carpal tunnel syndrome
, Forearm Compatment syndrome - ✔️✔️Increased pressure in the palmar, dorsal
components of the forearm
Caused by: hypertrophy muscles, Hemorrahge, fractures to the mide forearm or distal
radius, supracondylar area
Increase risk of compromising : circulation and neurological function
Complains of pressure in the forearm
Sensory disruption in hand/fingers
Decreased muscular strength
Pain during stretching of the muscles
Prolonged/increased intensity, absence of radial or ulnar pulses leading to Volkmann's
ischemic contracture
Bicep Rupture - ✔️✔️Strains: occur midbelly of muscle or distal end of tendon
Ruptures most common in males 40+
Tendon degrades with time
MOI: eccentric loading of biceps brachii when elbow is flexed to 90 degree
Complete or partial tears
Loss of strength of elbow flexion and supination
Chief complaints: pain, pop, loss of elbow flexion
Swelling ecchymosis
Palpable defect possible
Triceps strain - ✔️✔️Usually caused by eccentric load of the triceps
Possible swelling, ecchymosis, palpable defect
Chief Complaints: pain with elbow extension, loss pf strength
Elbow dislpcation - ✔️✔️Large traumatic force: axial load through forearm with elbow
sligthly flexed
Posterior dislocation is 90% of the cases
Onset of rapid swelling, deformity
Compromised blood vessels and nerves
Reduction ASAP
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum - ✔️✔️Develops from increased valgus
loading compressing the radial head and capitulum with overhead throwing
Chief Complaint : lateral elbow pain that increases with activity, flexion contracture,
locking of the elbow
olecron bursitis - ✔️✔️Acute or chorinic : fall on flexed elbow , constantly leaning on
elbow - repetitive pressure
Subcutaneous bursa: located between the olecranon process and skin, injured from
traumatic force to elbow
Subtendinous bursa
Located between triceps tendon and olecranon process
