,Contents
Introduction v
Acknowledgements vi
1 Biological molecules
Monomers and polymers 1
Carbohydrates 1
Lipids 2
Proteins 3
Nucleic acids 6
ATP 8
Water 8
Inorganic ions 10
Topic review: biological molecules 10
2 Cells
Cell structure 14
Cell replication 19
Transport across cell membranes 23
Cell recognition and the immune system 26
Topic review: cells 29
3 Exchange of substances
Surface area to volume ratio 35
Gas exchange 36
Digestion and absorption 43
Mass transport 44
Topic review: exchange of substances 51
4 Genetics, variation and diversity
DNA, genes and chromosomes 55
DNA and protein synthesis 56
Gene mutations and meiosis 58
Genetic diversity and adaptation 62
Species and taxonomy 64
Biodiversity within a community 65
Investigating diversity 67
Topic review: genetics, variation and diversity 69
5 Energy transfers
Photosynthesis 73
Respiration 76
Energy and ecosystems 80
Nutrient cycles 82
Topic review: energy transfers 84
,6 Stimuli and responses
Detection of stimuli and response 89
Nervous coordination 95
Skeletal muscles 96
Homeostasis 97
Topic review: stimuli and responses 101
7 Genetics, populations, evolution and
ecosystems
Inheritance 106
Populations 109
Evolution and speciation 110
Populations in ecosystems 111
Topic review: genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems 113
8 The control of gene expression
Gene mutation 117
Gene expression 119
Using genome projects 122
Gene technologies 123
Topic review: the control of gene expression 124
Practice exam papers
Paper 1 126
Paper 2 134
Paper 3 140
Answers 144
, Carbohydrates
1 Biological molecules
Monomers and polymers
Quick questions
SB1 p2 3.1.1 1 What is a monomer?
SB1 p2 3.1.1 2 What type of reaction takes place in order for two biological monomers to
join together in a chemical reaction?
Exam-style questions
SB1 p2 3.1.1 3 Figure 1 shows two monomers. Use an annotated diagram to show how
these two monomers could join together by a condensation reaction. [2]
HO OH HO OH
Figure 1
Total: 2
Carbohydrates
Quick questions
SB1 p2 3.1.2 1 Name the three main types of carbohydrates.
SB1 p2–3 3.1.2 2 Name three disaccharides, and for each one list the monosaccharides they contain.
SB1 p3 3.1.2 3 What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides?
SB1 p3 3.1.2 4 What is the difference between an alpha glucose and a beta glucose molecule?
SB1 p3–4 3.1.2 ATF 5 If you test a solution containing both glucose and sucrose, you cannot
show the presence of sucrose by carrying out the non-reducing sugar test.
Explain why.
Exam-style questions
SB1 p2–5 3.1.2 ATF 6–1 Place a tick in the box if the statement applies to the specific carbohydrate. [4] 1
Contains galactose Contains alpha Contains fructose Contains a
glucose glyosidic bond
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Cellulose
Introduction v
Acknowledgements vi
1 Biological molecules
Monomers and polymers 1
Carbohydrates 1
Lipids 2
Proteins 3
Nucleic acids 6
ATP 8
Water 8
Inorganic ions 10
Topic review: biological molecules 10
2 Cells
Cell structure 14
Cell replication 19
Transport across cell membranes 23
Cell recognition and the immune system 26
Topic review: cells 29
3 Exchange of substances
Surface area to volume ratio 35
Gas exchange 36
Digestion and absorption 43
Mass transport 44
Topic review: exchange of substances 51
4 Genetics, variation and diversity
DNA, genes and chromosomes 55
DNA and protein synthesis 56
Gene mutations and meiosis 58
Genetic diversity and adaptation 62
Species and taxonomy 64
Biodiversity within a community 65
Investigating diversity 67
Topic review: genetics, variation and diversity 69
5 Energy transfers
Photosynthesis 73
Respiration 76
Energy and ecosystems 80
Nutrient cycles 82
Topic review: energy transfers 84
,6 Stimuli and responses
Detection of stimuli and response 89
Nervous coordination 95
Skeletal muscles 96
Homeostasis 97
Topic review: stimuli and responses 101
7 Genetics, populations, evolution and
ecosystems
Inheritance 106
Populations 109
Evolution and speciation 110
Populations in ecosystems 111
Topic review: genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems 113
8 The control of gene expression
Gene mutation 117
Gene expression 119
Using genome projects 122
Gene technologies 123
Topic review: the control of gene expression 124
Practice exam papers
Paper 1 126
Paper 2 134
Paper 3 140
Answers 144
, Carbohydrates
1 Biological molecules
Monomers and polymers
Quick questions
SB1 p2 3.1.1 1 What is a monomer?
SB1 p2 3.1.1 2 What type of reaction takes place in order for two biological monomers to
join together in a chemical reaction?
Exam-style questions
SB1 p2 3.1.1 3 Figure 1 shows two monomers. Use an annotated diagram to show how
these two monomers could join together by a condensation reaction. [2]
HO OH HO OH
Figure 1
Total: 2
Carbohydrates
Quick questions
SB1 p2 3.1.2 1 Name the three main types of carbohydrates.
SB1 p2–3 3.1.2 2 Name three disaccharides, and for each one list the monosaccharides they contain.
SB1 p3 3.1.2 3 What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides?
SB1 p3 3.1.2 4 What is the difference between an alpha glucose and a beta glucose molecule?
SB1 p3–4 3.1.2 ATF 5 If you test a solution containing both glucose and sucrose, you cannot
show the presence of sucrose by carrying out the non-reducing sugar test.
Explain why.
Exam-style questions
SB1 p2–5 3.1.2 ATF 6–1 Place a tick in the box if the statement applies to the specific carbohydrate. [4] 1
Contains galactose Contains alpha Contains fructose Contains a
glucose glyosidic bond
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Cellulose
