A. Nationalism, Revolutions, & International, & International Stability (Pg. 348)
Balance of power in Eur. weakened in the 1700s
- Congress of Vienna meant to restore it after Napoleon’s defeat (1815)
Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, & Russia met under Klemens von Metternich
- They supported monarchy > Constitutional monarchy, hierarchy > Equality, tradition >
Reform
REVOLUTIONS, WAR, & REFORM
1800s, new drastic changes (Ex. Revolutionaries, socialist demands, etc.) challenged
conservatism & balance of power
1. Revolutions of 1848
There was an outbreak of revolutions throughout Eur.
- Concert of Eur. broke down = Spurred by economic hardship & political discontent (Held
at Congress of Vienna)
Revolution Strikes Fr. First
Louis-Philippe blocked many attempts at expanding voting rights despite ruling as a
constitutional monarch
- Leaders came together wanting a more liberal gov.
During this, Paris experienced a bread shortage
- Unemployed workers came together & built barricades as they protested
- Louis-Phillipe abdicated the throne → Fr. became a republic = New property taxes,
ended the death penalty, & freedom of press
Revolution failed b/c of class division
- Working class became concerned the middle class as ignoring their demands for
national workshops (- Provided work for the unemployed) across the country
- Middle-class professionals were elected to the National Assembly (NA), ending national
workshops = Riots
Army & National Guard defeated the workers as the NA voted Louis-Napoleon for order >
Liberty
- Declared himself as Emp. Napoleon III & re-established an authoritarian gov. in Fr.
Revolution in the German States
1848, Prussia & German states called for liberty & reforms, following Fr.
- Ex. In Berlin, Fred. Will. IVl killed hundreds in response but did promise a constitutional
monarchy
At the Frankfurt Assembly, a constitution was worked on to unify German states (Slow process)
- Meanwhile, in Berlin, monarchy regained control as the Frankfurt Constitution was
refused
Revolution in the Conservative Austria
1848, Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, & Serbs wanted autonomy in Austria
Vienna demanded a more liberal gov. = Ritos & Metternich stepped down leading to…
- Magyars wanted self-rule in Hungary under Louis Kossuth
- In Prague, Czechs wanted autonomy
- Italians wanted to be in the Italian Confederation in N. Italy
- Magyar revolt subdued by its Habsburgs monarchy w/ Russians, put down Czech
demands, & put conservative monarchy under (Francis Joseph)
Short-Term Results
, 1848-9’s revolts failed (Politically) since they were coordinated b/c it was divided by ethnicity
Govs. became more conservative (Ex. Tsar Nick I & ↑ secret police in Russia)
As policies became harsher, sympathetic people to the uprisings moved to Britain, the States,
etc.
Failure proved republicanism wouldn't last in Eur.
- Ex. Oliver Cromwell in Eng. → Civil war & lots of blood
Long-Term Results
The wants for voting rights, press’ freedom, & autonomy grew (And each’s advocated would be
successful)
2.The Crimean War
1848’s uprisings, however, did challenge the status quo as people questioned Eur.’s political
systems & balance of power
Causes of the Crimean War
In 1853, Fr., Russia, Britain, & the Ottoman Empire met on the Crimean Peninsula for the
bloodiest Eur.an war b/n 1815 & 1914 b/c…
- Religion - The Ottoman Empire’s Muslim sultan gave extra privileges to French Roman
Catholics in Jerusalem
- Politics - Fr.’s Emp. Napoleon II & Russia’s Tsar Nick. I wanted better military strength
via weakening Ottomans (Britain didn’t support but wanted balance of power)
Oct. 1853, the Ottoman’s sultan refuses to give Russia land & declares war = Crimean War
- Fr. & Great Britain aids them to intimidate Russia
Mass Politics & Warfare
There were at least 1 million casualties over the next 18 months
- Described as a dumb war fought by dumb people
Its events were covered by papers like the London Times, resulting in…
- ↑ press’ freedom = More open journalists
- ↑ literacy = More could read about war
- Telegraph allowed journalists to convey the news rapidly
- Camera allowed photos of battle scenes
W/ literacy, govs. had to be more sensitive to public perception & opinion
Effects of the War
The Crimean War exposed the Ottoman Empire’s weak spots, ↑ importance of mass
politics/military tech.
- Also demonstrated of Eur.an states to maintain stability during an age of nationalism
B. Pg. 353
Popular Naturalism Strengthens the State
- Otto von Bismmarck:ruler of Prussia
- Napoleon III is in charge in Fr. as president but then crowned himself emperor & ruled as an
autocrat
- Haussman: Napoleon’s civil servant in charge of all his infrastructural changes
- Napoleon’s modernization policy: building railroads, ports, canals to stimulate trade, increasing
international trade, support the creation of banks, encouraging ship building, backing the
construction of Suez Canal in Egypt
Reform in Eastern Eur.
- Ausgleich compromise of 1867 established the dual monarchy of austria-hungary under francis
joseph
- Austria: germans were the majority of the population, vienna also the main capital of the
empire, mostly roman catholic
- Hungary: hungarians were the largest group, but not majority, budapest was the capital,
mixture of catholics & protestants
Balance of power in Eur. weakened in the 1700s
- Congress of Vienna meant to restore it after Napoleon’s defeat (1815)
Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, & Russia met under Klemens von Metternich
- They supported monarchy > Constitutional monarchy, hierarchy > Equality, tradition >
Reform
REVOLUTIONS, WAR, & REFORM
1800s, new drastic changes (Ex. Revolutionaries, socialist demands, etc.) challenged
conservatism & balance of power
1. Revolutions of 1848
There was an outbreak of revolutions throughout Eur.
- Concert of Eur. broke down = Spurred by economic hardship & political discontent (Held
at Congress of Vienna)
Revolution Strikes Fr. First
Louis-Philippe blocked many attempts at expanding voting rights despite ruling as a
constitutional monarch
- Leaders came together wanting a more liberal gov.
During this, Paris experienced a bread shortage
- Unemployed workers came together & built barricades as they protested
- Louis-Phillipe abdicated the throne → Fr. became a republic = New property taxes,
ended the death penalty, & freedom of press
Revolution failed b/c of class division
- Working class became concerned the middle class as ignoring their demands for
national workshops (- Provided work for the unemployed) across the country
- Middle-class professionals were elected to the National Assembly (NA), ending national
workshops = Riots
Army & National Guard defeated the workers as the NA voted Louis-Napoleon for order >
Liberty
- Declared himself as Emp. Napoleon III & re-established an authoritarian gov. in Fr.
Revolution in the German States
1848, Prussia & German states called for liberty & reforms, following Fr.
- Ex. In Berlin, Fred. Will. IVl killed hundreds in response but did promise a constitutional
monarchy
At the Frankfurt Assembly, a constitution was worked on to unify German states (Slow process)
- Meanwhile, in Berlin, monarchy regained control as the Frankfurt Constitution was
refused
Revolution in the Conservative Austria
1848, Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, & Serbs wanted autonomy in Austria
Vienna demanded a more liberal gov. = Ritos & Metternich stepped down leading to…
- Magyars wanted self-rule in Hungary under Louis Kossuth
- In Prague, Czechs wanted autonomy
- Italians wanted to be in the Italian Confederation in N. Italy
- Magyar revolt subdued by its Habsburgs monarchy w/ Russians, put down Czech
demands, & put conservative monarchy under (Francis Joseph)
Short-Term Results
, 1848-9’s revolts failed (Politically) since they were coordinated b/c it was divided by ethnicity
Govs. became more conservative (Ex. Tsar Nick I & ↑ secret police in Russia)
As policies became harsher, sympathetic people to the uprisings moved to Britain, the States,
etc.
Failure proved republicanism wouldn't last in Eur.
- Ex. Oliver Cromwell in Eng. → Civil war & lots of blood
Long-Term Results
The wants for voting rights, press’ freedom, & autonomy grew (And each’s advocated would be
successful)
2.The Crimean War
1848’s uprisings, however, did challenge the status quo as people questioned Eur.’s political
systems & balance of power
Causes of the Crimean War
In 1853, Fr., Russia, Britain, & the Ottoman Empire met on the Crimean Peninsula for the
bloodiest Eur.an war b/n 1815 & 1914 b/c…
- Religion - The Ottoman Empire’s Muslim sultan gave extra privileges to French Roman
Catholics in Jerusalem
- Politics - Fr.’s Emp. Napoleon II & Russia’s Tsar Nick. I wanted better military strength
via weakening Ottomans (Britain didn’t support but wanted balance of power)
Oct. 1853, the Ottoman’s sultan refuses to give Russia land & declares war = Crimean War
- Fr. & Great Britain aids them to intimidate Russia
Mass Politics & Warfare
There were at least 1 million casualties over the next 18 months
- Described as a dumb war fought by dumb people
Its events were covered by papers like the London Times, resulting in…
- ↑ press’ freedom = More open journalists
- ↑ literacy = More could read about war
- Telegraph allowed journalists to convey the news rapidly
- Camera allowed photos of battle scenes
W/ literacy, govs. had to be more sensitive to public perception & opinion
Effects of the War
The Crimean War exposed the Ottoman Empire’s weak spots, ↑ importance of mass
politics/military tech.
- Also demonstrated of Eur.an states to maintain stability during an age of nationalism
B. Pg. 353
Popular Naturalism Strengthens the State
- Otto von Bismmarck:ruler of Prussia
- Napoleon III is in charge in Fr. as president but then crowned himself emperor & ruled as an
autocrat
- Haussman: Napoleon’s civil servant in charge of all his infrastructural changes
- Napoleon’s modernization policy: building railroads, ports, canals to stimulate trade, increasing
international trade, support the creation of banks, encouraging ship building, backing the
construction of Suez Canal in Egypt
Reform in Eastern Eur.
- Ausgleich compromise of 1867 established the dual monarchy of austria-hungary under francis
joseph
- Austria: germans were the majority of the population, vienna also the main capital of the
empire, mostly roman catholic
- Hungary: hungarians were the largest group, but not majority, budapest was the capital,
mixture of catholics & protestants
