Pathophysiology Module 5 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version (2025-2026) Already
Passed
Congenital Anamalies - Answers Birth defect, congenital disorders or congenital malformations
50% difficult to determine exact cause
Result of one or more genetic, infectious, nutritional or
environmental factors
Functions of Testosterone - Answers Hormone that Regulates:
- Sex drive (libido)
- Bone mass
- Fat distribution
- Muscle mass and strength
- Production of red blood cells and sperm
Normal male sexual development and behavior
Micropenis - Answers Small, normally formed penis with a stretched length of less than 1.9 cm
Etiology and pathogenesis
- Defects in testosterone production
- Deficiency that results in poor growth of target organs
Urethral Valve Abnormalities - Answers Etiology
- Abnormal posterior or anterior valves develop, unknown cause
Clinical manifestations
- Intrauterine renal failure (severe cases) causing:
,- Oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid)
- Pulmonary hypoplasia (incomplete lung development)
- Stillbirth or extreme distress at the time of birth
- Inability to void (normally void within 24 hours of birth)
- Abdominal masses, such as palpable bladder or hydronephrotic kidneys, or urinary ascites
- Floating bowel on x-ray
Hypospadias - Answers Urethral meatus located on ventral undersurface of penis
Etiology and treatment
- Incomplete fusion of urethral folds
- Meatus located anywhere between perineum and glans
- 85% involve glans or corona
- Surgical repair
Epispadias - Answers Urethra opens on the dorsal (top side) of the penis; less common, more disabling.
Urethra doesn't develop into a full tube
Etiology and treatment
- Correlates with exstrophy of the bladder, because of failure of the abdominal wall to form
- May extend proximally to involve urinary sphincter → urinary incontinence
- Staged surgical procedure
Priapism - Answers Penile engorgement
Painful, persistent erection because of engorgement with blood - not related to sexual stimulation
,Etiology
- Associated with sickle cell anemia, anticoagulant therapy, diabetes, leukemia, use of antidepressants
- Obstruction of venous drainage = viscous, poorly oxygenated blood
Phimosis, Paraphimosis - Answers Chronic inflammation and infection, adhesions, edema
Phimosis - cannot retract foreskin
Paraphimosis - cannot reduce foreskin
Associated with poor hygiene
Peyronie Disease - Answers Fibrosis of erectile tissue
Abnormal penile curvature caused by plaque build up
Painful, incomplete erections
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) - Answers Impotence or inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient
for satisfactory sexual performance
- Primary impotence: inability to attain an erection throughout life, often related to psychiatric problems
or adolescent vascular trauma
- Secondary impotence: no longer able to develop erections; had previous erections
Affects approximately 50% of men older than 60 years of age
Risk factors: hypertension; elevated cholesterol level; presence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic
syndrome; and lifestyle choices such as smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise.
, Secondary causes of ED
- Peripheral vascular disease: arterial insufficiency from obstruction, atherosclerosis, stenosis of arteries,
vascular endothelial damage
- Endocrine problems: diabetes, pituitary dysfunction (↓ luteinizing hormone, ↓ testosterone,↑
prolactin)
- Medications: antihypertensives, antihistamines, phenothiazines, some antidepressants
- Trauma: penile fractures, pelvic fractures
- Iatrogenic causes: aortoiliac vascular surgery, radical pelvic cancer surgery
- Psychological causes
Neoplasms of the penis - Answers Etiology
- Rare in the United States: <0.2% cancer cases; Extremely low incidence in circumcised men (usually
resulting from chronic inflammation)
- Phimosis resulting from chronic inflammation most common couse
- 97% squamous cell CA of the glans or inner surface of the foreskin
- Metastasis occurs by lymphatic dissemination.
- Four stages progressing in severity
Clinical manifestations
- Ulcerative and fungating lesions
- Pain, bleeding, and urethral discharge
Inguinal adenopathy- (swollen lymph nodes -in groin)
- Prognosis depends on stage of carcinoma.
Cryptorchidism - Answers - "Hidden testes": testes incompletely descended, external to the canal or
located in a position other than scrotum
- Congenital
- Ectopic positions: abnormal positions (in picture)
- Failure to treat causes fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility
Passed
Congenital Anamalies - Answers Birth defect, congenital disorders or congenital malformations
50% difficult to determine exact cause
Result of one or more genetic, infectious, nutritional or
environmental factors
Functions of Testosterone - Answers Hormone that Regulates:
- Sex drive (libido)
- Bone mass
- Fat distribution
- Muscle mass and strength
- Production of red blood cells and sperm
Normal male sexual development and behavior
Micropenis - Answers Small, normally formed penis with a stretched length of less than 1.9 cm
Etiology and pathogenesis
- Defects in testosterone production
- Deficiency that results in poor growth of target organs
Urethral Valve Abnormalities - Answers Etiology
- Abnormal posterior or anterior valves develop, unknown cause
Clinical manifestations
- Intrauterine renal failure (severe cases) causing:
,- Oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid)
- Pulmonary hypoplasia (incomplete lung development)
- Stillbirth or extreme distress at the time of birth
- Inability to void (normally void within 24 hours of birth)
- Abdominal masses, such as palpable bladder or hydronephrotic kidneys, or urinary ascites
- Floating bowel on x-ray
Hypospadias - Answers Urethral meatus located on ventral undersurface of penis
Etiology and treatment
- Incomplete fusion of urethral folds
- Meatus located anywhere between perineum and glans
- 85% involve glans or corona
- Surgical repair
Epispadias - Answers Urethra opens on the dorsal (top side) of the penis; less common, more disabling.
Urethra doesn't develop into a full tube
Etiology and treatment
- Correlates with exstrophy of the bladder, because of failure of the abdominal wall to form
- May extend proximally to involve urinary sphincter → urinary incontinence
- Staged surgical procedure
Priapism - Answers Penile engorgement
Painful, persistent erection because of engorgement with blood - not related to sexual stimulation
,Etiology
- Associated with sickle cell anemia, anticoagulant therapy, diabetes, leukemia, use of antidepressants
- Obstruction of venous drainage = viscous, poorly oxygenated blood
Phimosis, Paraphimosis - Answers Chronic inflammation and infection, adhesions, edema
Phimosis - cannot retract foreskin
Paraphimosis - cannot reduce foreskin
Associated with poor hygiene
Peyronie Disease - Answers Fibrosis of erectile tissue
Abnormal penile curvature caused by plaque build up
Painful, incomplete erections
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) - Answers Impotence or inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient
for satisfactory sexual performance
- Primary impotence: inability to attain an erection throughout life, often related to psychiatric problems
or adolescent vascular trauma
- Secondary impotence: no longer able to develop erections; had previous erections
Affects approximately 50% of men older than 60 years of age
Risk factors: hypertension; elevated cholesterol level; presence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic
syndrome; and lifestyle choices such as smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise.
, Secondary causes of ED
- Peripheral vascular disease: arterial insufficiency from obstruction, atherosclerosis, stenosis of arteries,
vascular endothelial damage
- Endocrine problems: diabetes, pituitary dysfunction (↓ luteinizing hormone, ↓ testosterone,↑
prolactin)
- Medications: antihypertensives, antihistamines, phenothiazines, some antidepressants
- Trauma: penile fractures, pelvic fractures
- Iatrogenic causes: aortoiliac vascular surgery, radical pelvic cancer surgery
- Psychological causes
Neoplasms of the penis - Answers Etiology
- Rare in the United States: <0.2% cancer cases; Extremely low incidence in circumcised men (usually
resulting from chronic inflammation)
- Phimosis resulting from chronic inflammation most common couse
- 97% squamous cell CA of the glans or inner surface of the foreskin
- Metastasis occurs by lymphatic dissemination.
- Four stages progressing in severity
Clinical manifestations
- Ulcerative and fungating lesions
- Pain, bleeding, and urethral discharge
Inguinal adenopathy- (swollen lymph nodes -in groin)
- Prognosis depends on stage of carcinoma.
Cryptorchidism - Answers - "Hidden testes": testes incompletely descended, external to the canal or
located in a position other than scrotum
- Congenital
- Ectopic positions: abnormal positions (in picture)
- Failure to treat causes fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility
