WGU D236: Pathophysiology Exam i,- i,- i,- i,-
Study Guide with Complete solutions | i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Latest 2025/2026 Update. i,- i,-
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
increased respiratory rate allow the body to maintain a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
homeostatic pH level? The increased exhalation of CO2 helps i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
to increase pH
i,- i,-
The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Since CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
more CO2 through increased respiration will raise pH
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
CO2 levels. The patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
name of this condition? i,-Metabolic acidosis
i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,-
Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
direction, the condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
indicates that CO2 is not causing the acidosis. The increased
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
for the metabolic acidosis
i,- i,- i,-
,Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
the blood. What helps the patient's body to compensate for this
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
increase? The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3-
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
body must compensate for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
and conserving HCO3- will both help to increase pH.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Arthritis i,-i,- i,- inflammation of a joint i,- i,- i,-
Osteoarthritis i,-i,- i,- inflammation of the bone and joint i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Most common type of degenerative joint disease, most
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
commonly affected are the cervical, lumbosacral spine, hip, knee,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
and first metatarsal phalangeal joint
i,- i,- osteoarthritis i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Oncotic
Oncotic i,-i,- i,- a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure
i,- albumin
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
,_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,-
Albumin
i,-
One question was about the difference in children and adult
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
immunity Possible answer: naive T cells
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Choose 2 answers i,- i,-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
, Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes
i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- -Excessive loss i,-
-Inadequate intake i,-
-Or combination of both
i,- i,- i,-
Fluid deficit risk factors
i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating i,-
-Insufficient water intake i,- i,-
Study Guide with Complete solutions | i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Latest 2025/2026 Update. i,- i,-
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
increased respiratory rate allow the body to maintain a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
homeostatic pH level? The increased exhalation of CO2 helps i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
to increase pH
i,- i,-
The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Since CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
more CO2 through increased respiration will raise pH
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
CO2 levels. The patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
name of this condition? i,-Metabolic acidosis
i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,-
Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
direction, the condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
indicates that CO2 is not causing the acidosis. The increased
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
for the metabolic acidosis
i,- i,- i,-
,Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
the blood. What helps the patient's body to compensate for this
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
increase? The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3-
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
body must compensate for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
and conserving HCO3- will both help to increase pH.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Arthritis i,-i,- i,- inflammation of a joint i,- i,- i,-
Osteoarthritis i,-i,- i,- inflammation of the bone and joint i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Most common type of degenerative joint disease, most
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
commonly affected are the cervical, lumbosacral spine, hip, knee,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
and first metatarsal phalangeal joint
i,- i,- osteoarthritis i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Oncotic
Oncotic i,-i,- i,- a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure
i,- albumin
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
,_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,-
Albumin
i,-
One question was about the difference in children and adult
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
immunity Possible answer: naive T cells
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Choose 2 answers i,- i,-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
, Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes
i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- -Excessive loss i,-
-Inadequate intake i,-
-Or combination of both
i,- i,- i,-
Fluid deficit risk factors
i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating i,-
-Insufficient water intake i,- i,-
