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BIOL 2220 Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Describe the development of the brain - ✔✔1. the ectoderm thickens along the midline, forming the
NEURAL PLATE
2. the neural plates invaginates to form a neural groove with neural folds (the sides of the grooves =
folds)
3. the neural folds FUSE to form the neural tube
4. neural tube DETACHES from the ectoderm & descends into the middle of the embryo -- this forms the
CNS
5. neural crest develops as offshoots of neural folds (crests become neural ganglia)
Relate embryonic regions to the structures of the adult brain - ✔✔Brain Vesicles:
- Prosencephalon gives rise to telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus, retina)
- Mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain
- Rhombencephalon gives rise to the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (part of
brainstem, pons, cerebellum)
Identify the ventricles of the brain - ✔✔- Brain ventricles = expansions of the lumen of the neural tube
- ventricles are continuous with one another & spinal cord
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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- ependyma lines ventricles (helps make CSF)
Identify the ventricles of the brain - ✔✔Lateral Ventricles:
- within each hemisphere of the cerebrum
- 2 lateral ventricles are separated by SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
- 2 lateral connected to third ventricle
Third Ventricle:
- connected to lateral & runs thru diencephalon
Fourth Ventricle:
- connected to 3rd & central canal of spinal cord
Interventricular Foramen - ✔✔- connects lateral ventricles to third
Cerebral Aquaduct - ✔✔connects the third and fourth ventricles
Openings - ✔✔- allow fluids outside brain to be connected to fluid on inside
- Lateral apertures: opening to fourth ventricle, one on each side
- Median aperture: top/root of fourth ventricle
Describe the surface anatomy of the cerebrum, its lobes and its functional regions. - ✔✔...
Surface anatomy of cerebrum - ✔✔gyri: elevated parts of the folds
sulci: depressions between gyri
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longitudinal fissure: line that separates the left & right cerebral hemispheres
transverse fissure: separates the cerebrum from other parts
Cerebrum lobes - ✔✔- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Insula—rest of the brain is folded around, internal, not visible from outside
Functional Regions of Cerebrum - ✔✔1. cerebral cortex
- outer/superficial part
- made up of gray matter (cell bodies of neurons & unmyelinated axons)
2. white matter
- deep to cortex
- Made up of myelinated neurons (lipids is what makes it white)
3. basal nuclei (Internal islands of gray matter inside white matter)
List the specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex, and identify their general purpose. - ✔✔The
cerebral cortex is the conscious mind—associated with self-awareness, communication, memory, &
voluntary movement
Cerebral Cortex Functional Areas - ✔✔motor, sensory, association
Motor (4) - ✔✔1. Primary Motor Cortex
- sends motor impulses to allow movement
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2. Premotor Cortex
- LEARNED motor skills (goes to premotor before primary)
- sends signal to primary to actually do the movement
3. Broca's area
- in LEFT hemisphere only
- Associated with SPEECH (muscles in mouth, lungs, larynx, etc.)
- Same spot on right hemisphere controls BODY LANGUAGE
4. Frontal Eye Field
- allows us to voluntarily move our eyes (see a bird fly from left to right)
Sensory (7) - ✔✔1. Primary somatosensory cortex
- spatial discrimination (determines where signal is coming from on body)
2. Somatosensory association cortex
- integrates all of the sensory info that goes to primary
3. Visual Areas
- Primary visual cortex: brings info from retina
- Visual association area: uses experience to interpret (not just a bird, an eagle)
4. Auditory Areas
- Primary auditory cortex: receives info from inner ear
- Auditory association area: uses experience to interpret
5. Olfactory cortex (detects odor)
Emily Charlene © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
BIOL 2220 Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Describe the development of the brain - ✔✔1. the ectoderm thickens along the midline, forming the
NEURAL PLATE
2. the neural plates invaginates to form a neural groove with neural folds (the sides of the grooves =
folds)
3. the neural folds FUSE to form the neural tube
4. neural tube DETACHES from the ectoderm & descends into the middle of the embryo -- this forms the
CNS
5. neural crest develops as offshoots of neural folds (crests become neural ganglia)
Relate embryonic regions to the structures of the adult brain - ✔✔Brain Vesicles:
- Prosencephalon gives rise to telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus, retina)
- Mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain
- Rhombencephalon gives rise to the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (part of
brainstem, pons, cerebellum)
Identify the ventricles of the brain - ✔✔- Brain ventricles = expansions of the lumen of the neural tube
- ventricles are continuous with one another & spinal cord
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Emily Charlene © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
- ependyma lines ventricles (helps make CSF)
Identify the ventricles of the brain - ✔✔Lateral Ventricles:
- within each hemisphere of the cerebrum
- 2 lateral ventricles are separated by SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
- 2 lateral connected to third ventricle
Third Ventricle:
- connected to lateral & runs thru diencephalon
Fourth Ventricle:
- connected to 3rd & central canal of spinal cord
Interventricular Foramen - ✔✔- connects lateral ventricles to third
Cerebral Aquaduct - ✔✔connects the third and fourth ventricles
Openings - ✔✔- allow fluids outside brain to be connected to fluid on inside
- Lateral apertures: opening to fourth ventricle, one on each side
- Median aperture: top/root of fourth ventricle
Describe the surface anatomy of the cerebrum, its lobes and its functional regions. - ✔✔...
Surface anatomy of cerebrum - ✔✔gyri: elevated parts of the folds
sulci: depressions between gyri
Emily Charlene © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
longitudinal fissure: line that separates the left & right cerebral hemispheres
transverse fissure: separates the cerebrum from other parts
Cerebrum lobes - ✔✔- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Insula—rest of the brain is folded around, internal, not visible from outside
Functional Regions of Cerebrum - ✔✔1. cerebral cortex
- outer/superficial part
- made up of gray matter (cell bodies of neurons & unmyelinated axons)
2. white matter
- deep to cortex
- Made up of myelinated neurons (lipids is what makes it white)
3. basal nuclei (Internal islands of gray matter inside white matter)
List the specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex, and identify their general purpose. - ✔✔The
cerebral cortex is the conscious mind—associated with self-awareness, communication, memory, &
voluntary movement
Cerebral Cortex Functional Areas - ✔✔motor, sensory, association
Motor (4) - ✔✔1. Primary Motor Cortex
- sends motor impulses to allow movement
Emily Charlene © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
2. Premotor Cortex
- LEARNED motor skills (goes to premotor before primary)
- sends signal to primary to actually do the movement
3. Broca's area
- in LEFT hemisphere only
- Associated with SPEECH (muscles in mouth, lungs, larynx, etc.)
- Same spot on right hemisphere controls BODY LANGUAGE
4. Frontal Eye Field
- allows us to voluntarily move our eyes (see a bird fly from left to right)
Sensory (7) - ✔✔1. Primary somatosensory cortex
- spatial discrimination (determines where signal is coming from on body)
2. Somatosensory association cortex
- integrates all of the sensory info that goes to primary
3. Visual Areas
- Primary visual cortex: brings info from retina
- Visual association area: uses experience to interpret (not just a bird, an eagle)
4. Auditory Areas
- Primary auditory cortex: receives info from inner ear
- Auditory association area: uses experience to interpret
5. Olfactory cortex (detects odor)
Emily Charlene © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
