VTNE Pharmacology questions and answers with solutions 2025

Who regulates controlled drugs? - ANSWER The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) C-I - ANSWER Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use Marajuana, heroin C-II - ANSWER Schedule II drugs have a high abuse potential and are prone to cause severe dependence Written prescription only (except in emergencies with written script within 72 hrs) No refills Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, fentanyl C-III - ANSWER Schedule III drugs have moderate abuse potential with low to moderate risk of dependence (more likely psychological than physical) Ketamine, buprenorphine, anabolic steroids, intermediate-acting barbiturates C-IV - ANSWER Schedule IV drugs have a low abuse potential and low risk of dependence Benzodiazepines (diazepam), long-acting barbiturates (phenobarbital) C-V - ANSWER Schedule V drugs have the lowest risk of abuse or dependence of the scheduled drugs Compounded drug - ANSWER One that has been manipulated in a way that is not provided for in an FDA approved drug label Five "rights" of drug administration - ANSWER Right drug Right amount Right route Right time Right patient Therapeutic index (TI) - ANSWER Comparison between a drug's ability to reach the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects TI = LD50/ED50 The larger the number, the safer the drug LD50 - ANSWER The dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial ED50 - ANSWER The dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals in a trial Blood-brain barrier - ANSWER A mechanism that prevents some substances in the blood from reaching the brain. It is achieved by brain capillaries, which unlike other capillaries elsewhere in the body, are composed of endothelial cells sealed together in continuous tight junctions and surrounded by astrocytes that contribute to the selective passage of substances. Lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and most anaesthetics, as well as glucose, oxygen and water, pass rapidly into brain cells, whereas proteins, most antibiotics and ions do not enter or enter very slowly. The mechanism protects brain cells against harmful substances and pathogens. Biotransformation - ANSWER The process by which the body inactivates and breaks down a drug and readies it for excretion Types include hydroxylation and acetylation Also known as metabolism Metabolite - ANSWER Byproduct produced when a drug is metabolized Can be active or inactive Antimicrobial drugs - ANSWER Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Classified as -cidal (kill the organism) or -static (prevent its replication)