Assessment 2025/2026 with Questions and Correct Answers 100%
1. database model: A database model is a conceptual framework for databasesystems,
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with three parts:
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- Data structures that prescribe how data is organized.
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- Operations that manipulate data structures. f f f f
- Rules that govern valid data. f f f f
2. relational model: The relational model is a database model based on a tabulardata structur
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e.The model was published in 1970 by E.F.Codd of IBM and releasedin commercial products ar
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ound 1980. The data structure, operations, and rules arestandardized in SQL, the universal qu
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ery language of relational databases.
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3. big data: The rise of the internet in the 1990s generated big data, characterizedby unpreced
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ented data volumes and rapidly changing data structures.
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4. set: A set is an unordered collection of elements enclosed in braces.
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5. tuple: A tuple is an ordered collection of elements enclosed in parentheses.
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6. table: A table has a name, a fixed tuple of columns, and a varying set of rows.
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7. column: A column has a name and a data type. f f f f f f f f f
8. row: A row is an unnamed tuple of values.Each value corresponds to a columnand belongs
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to the column's data type.
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9. data type: A data type is a named set of values, from which column values aredrawn.
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10. relational algebra: These operations are collectively called relational algebraand are th
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e theoretical foundation of the SQL language.
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,11. Relational rules: Relational rules are part of the relational model and governdata in ever
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y relational database.
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12. Business rules: Business rules are based on business policy and specific to aparticular da
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tabase.
13. constraints: RelationalrulesareimplementedasSQLconstraintsandenforcedby the data
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base system. f
14. Structured Query Language / SQL: Structured Query Language (SQL) is ahigh-
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level computer language for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data.
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15. statement: An SQL statement is a complete command composed of one ormore clau
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ses.
16. clause: A clause groups SQL keywords like SELECT, FROM, andWHERE withtable names li
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ke City, column names like Name, and conditions like Population > 100000.
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17. Data Definition Language: Data Definition Language (DDL) defines the struc-
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ture of the database.
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18. Data Query Language: Data Query Language (DQL) retrieves data from thedatabase.
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, 19. Data Manipulation Language: Data Manipulation Language (DML) manipu-
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lates data stored in a database.
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20. Data Control Language: Data Control Language (DCL) controls database useraccess.
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21. DataTransactionLanguage: DataTransactionLanguage(DTL)managesdata-
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base transactions.
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22. database system instance: A database system instance is a single executingcopy of a da
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tabase system. Personal computers usually run just one instance of adatabase system. Share
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d computers, such as computers used for cloud services, usually run multiple instances of a d
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atabase system. f
23. CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName: CREATE DATABASE DatabaseNamecreates a ne
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w database. f
24. DROP DATABASE DatabaseName: DROP DATABASE DatabaseNamedeletes a d
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atabase, including all tables in the database. f f f f f f
25. USE DatabaseName: USE DatabaseName selects a default database for usein subsequ
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ent SQL statements. f f
26. SHOW DATABASES: SHOW DATABASES lists all databases in the databasesystem insta
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nce.
27. SHOWTABLES: SHOW TABLES lists all tables in the default database.
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28. SHOW COLUMNS FROMTableName: SHOW COLUMNS FROM TableNamelists all col
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umns in the TableName table of the default database.
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29. SHOW CREATE TABLE TableName: SHOW CREATE TABLE TableName shows the CREA
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TETABLE statement for theTableName table of the default data-base.
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30. table: A table has a name, a fixed sequence of columns, and a varying set ofrows.
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31. row: A row is an unnamed sequence of values.Each value corresponds to acolumn and
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