RM Exam 2, RM Exam 3, RM Questions
well answered to pass
Your research involves determining the effects of persuasion on the strength of attitudes. You are using a
_______________ measurement of the DV. - correct answer ✔✔Degree
Extraneous variables are those factors that can have an unintended influence on the results of an
experiment. Extraneous variables influence the difference _______________ groups. - correct answer
✔✔Between
True or false :A participant characteristic is a "true" type of IV. - correct answer ✔✔False
Prof. T was a participant in a simple taste test for two salsa chips. He was asked to pick which chip he
would like to taste first and he did so. Then he was given a cup of water, presumably to clear his palate
before tasting the next chip. This control procedure--which did not work well at all--was a control for
_______________. - correct answer ✔✔Carryover effects
When conducting an experiment, Prof. T keeps the room temperature of the laboratory the same during
each testing period. This is an example of _______________ as a control technique. - correct answer
✔✔Constancy
True or False: Confounders increase the variability of scores WITHIN ALL GROUPS in an experiment. -
correct answer ✔✔False because, confounders increase the variability of score BETWEEN groups.
True or False: In a two-group experiment, a nuisance variable causes a decrease in score overlap
between groups. - correct answer ✔✔False, they increase the overlap between groups by spreading
scores.
Balancing - correct answer ✔✔A control procedure that achieves group equality by distributing
extraneous variables equally to all groups.
,Constancy - correct answer ✔✔A control technique by which an extraneous variable is reduced to a
single value that is experienced by all participants. An example of this would be having a constant temp
in an experiment.
Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔A procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different
treatment sequences.
Elimination - correct answer ✔✔A control technique whereby extraneous variables are completely
removed from an experiment.
Randomization - correct answer ✔✔A control technique that ensures that each participant has an equal
chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment. This is the most widely used control procedure.
Please fill in the blank. As part of a research team, you will administer injections to research participants
who are suffering from migraine headaches. You and your research colleagues have decided that you will
not know whether a given research participant will receive an injection of the "real" anti-migraine drug
or a placebo. Likewise, participants will not know if they are receiving the drug or placebo. This should
make your behavior toward the participants more consistent and not prejudicial in a _______________-
blind experiment. - correct answer ✔✔Double-blind
Please fill in the blank. You want to investigate which brand of breath mint is preferred most by your
research participants. You want to test four breath mints, but at the same time--and for purposes of cost
and time--you want the lowest number of participants needed. In addition, you want each participant to
taste all four mints while controlling for sequence or order effects. Using the formula 4!, you will need
_______________ participants for complete counterbalancing. - correct answer ✔✔24: 4*3*2*1 = 24
In a two-cola taste test, the researcher arranges for all participants to taste cola A, then cola B, then cola
B, then cola A. This is an example of _______________ to control for any sequence or order effects. -
correct answer ✔✔within-subject counterbalancing
Within-subject Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Presentation of different treatment sequences to
the same participant.
- "A-B-B-A"
,Within-group Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Presentation of different treatment sequences to
different participants.
- Randomly assign participants to two groups & have one group taste in the A-B sequence & the other in
B-A.
Complete Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Present all possible treatment sequences, determined
by n! (or n factorial).
- This will tell you how many participants are needed for complete counterbalancing.
Incomplete Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Present only a portion of all possible treatment
sequences.
- Analyze for complete counterbalancing (n!) & then randomly select an equal number of treatment
sequences.
History - correct answer ✔✔A threat to internal validity; refers to events that occur between the DV
measurements in a repeated-measures design.
- Ex: Practice effect pollution
Instrumentation - correct answer ✔✔This threat to internal validity occurs if the equipment or human
measuring the DV changes its measuring over time.
- Ex: Person measuring DV shows up "tipsy".
Maturation - correct answer ✔✔A threat to internal validity; refers to changes in participants that occur
overtime during an experiment; could include actual physical maturation or tiredness, boredom, hunger
and so on.
Mortality - correct answer ✔✔A threat to IV that can occur if experimental participants from different
groups drop out of the experiment at different rates.
Testing - correct answer ✔✔A threat to IV that occurs because measuring the DV causes a change in the
DV.
, True or False: In general, increasing the number of your research participants will increase the POWER of
your statistical test. - correct answer ✔✔True
Are you wondering how many participants you will need for your nonexperimental or experimental
research? Then look for _______________ in the research literature! - correct answer ✔✔Precedent
Precedent - correct answer ✔✔An established pattern.
Emic - correct answer ✔✔A culture-specific finding.
Etic - correct answer ✔✔A finding that is the same in different cultures.
Demand Characteristics - correct answer ✔✔Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead
participants to respond in a particular manner.
Carryover Effects - correct answer ✔✔Effects of one treatment persist or carry over and influence
responses to the next treatment.
Confounding - correct answer ✔✔A situation in which the results of an experiment can be attributed to
either the operation of an IV or an extraneous variable.
or
Caused by an uncontrolled extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV.
Cultural Response Set - correct answer ✔✔The tendency of a particular culture to respond on a certain
manner.
You want to investigate which brand of light beer is preferred most by your research participants. You
want to test five beers, but due to a limited budget you will not be able run the number of participants
needed for complete counterbalancing. So, after determining the number of participants you will need
for complete counterbalancing (5!), you decide to randomly select half of the test sequences and then
randomly assign each participant to one sequence. To do this, you will need _______________
participants. - correct answer ✔✔60: 5! = 120, 120/2 = 60
well answered to pass
Your research involves determining the effects of persuasion on the strength of attitudes. You are using a
_______________ measurement of the DV. - correct answer ✔✔Degree
Extraneous variables are those factors that can have an unintended influence on the results of an
experiment. Extraneous variables influence the difference _______________ groups. - correct answer
✔✔Between
True or false :A participant characteristic is a "true" type of IV. - correct answer ✔✔False
Prof. T was a participant in a simple taste test for two salsa chips. He was asked to pick which chip he
would like to taste first and he did so. Then he was given a cup of water, presumably to clear his palate
before tasting the next chip. This control procedure--which did not work well at all--was a control for
_______________. - correct answer ✔✔Carryover effects
When conducting an experiment, Prof. T keeps the room temperature of the laboratory the same during
each testing period. This is an example of _______________ as a control technique. - correct answer
✔✔Constancy
True or False: Confounders increase the variability of scores WITHIN ALL GROUPS in an experiment. -
correct answer ✔✔False because, confounders increase the variability of score BETWEEN groups.
True or False: In a two-group experiment, a nuisance variable causes a decrease in score overlap
between groups. - correct answer ✔✔False, they increase the overlap between groups by spreading
scores.
Balancing - correct answer ✔✔A control procedure that achieves group equality by distributing
extraneous variables equally to all groups.
,Constancy - correct answer ✔✔A control technique by which an extraneous variable is reduced to a
single value that is experienced by all participants. An example of this would be having a constant temp
in an experiment.
Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔A procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different
treatment sequences.
Elimination - correct answer ✔✔A control technique whereby extraneous variables are completely
removed from an experiment.
Randomization - correct answer ✔✔A control technique that ensures that each participant has an equal
chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment. This is the most widely used control procedure.
Please fill in the blank. As part of a research team, you will administer injections to research participants
who are suffering from migraine headaches. You and your research colleagues have decided that you will
not know whether a given research participant will receive an injection of the "real" anti-migraine drug
or a placebo. Likewise, participants will not know if they are receiving the drug or placebo. This should
make your behavior toward the participants more consistent and not prejudicial in a _______________-
blind experiment. - correct answer ✔✔Double-blind
Please fill in the blank. You want to investigate which brand of breath mint is preferred most by your
research participants. You want to test four breath mints, but at the same time--and for purposes of cost
and time--you want the lowest number of participants needed. In addition, you want each participant to
taste all four mints while controlling for sequence or order effects. Using the formula 4!, you will need
_______________ participants for complete counterbalancing. - correct answer ✔✔24: 4*3*2*1 = 24
In a two-cola taste test, the researcher arranges for all participants to taste cola A, then cola B, then cola
B, then cola A. This is an example of _______________ to control for any sequence or order effects. -
correct answer ✔✔within-subject counterbalancing
Within-subject Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Presentation of different treatment sequences to
the same participant.
- "A-B-B-A"
,Within-group Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Presentation of different treatment sequences to
different participants.
- Randomly assign participants to two groups & have one group taste in the A-B sequence & the other in
B-A.
Complete Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Present all possible treatment sequences, determined
by n! (or n factorial).
- This will tell you how many participants are needed for complete counterbalancing.
Incomplete Counterbalancing - correct answer ✔✔Present only a portion of all possible treatment
sequences.
- Analyze for complete counterbalancing (n!) & then randomly select an equal number of treatment
sequences.
History - correct answer ✔✔A threat to internal validity; refers to events that occur between the DV
measurements in a repeated-measures design.
- Ex: Practice effect pollution
Instrumentation - correct answer ✔✔This threat to internal validity occurs if the equipment or human
measuring the DV changes its measuring over time.
- Ex: Person measuring DV shows up "tipsy".
Maturation - correct answer ✔✔A threat to internal validity; refers to changes in participants that occur
overtime during an experiment; could include actual physical maturation or tiredness, boredom, hunger
and so on.
Mortality - correct answer ✔✔A threat to IV that can occur if experimental participants from different
groups drop out of the experiment at different rates.
Testing - correct answer ✔✔A threat to IV that occurs because measuring the DV causes a change in the
DV.
, True or False: In general, increasing the number of your research participants will increase the POWER of
your statistical test. - correct answer ✔✔True
Are you wondering how many participants you will need for your nonexperimental or experimental
research? Then look for _______________ in the research literature! - correct answer ✔✔Precedent
Precedent - correct answer ✔✔An established pattern.
Emic - correct answer ✔✔A culture-specific finding.
Etic - correct answer ✔✔A finding that is the same in different cultures.
Demand Characteristics - correct answer ✔✔Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead
participants to respond in a particular manner.
Carryover Effects - correct answer ✔✔Effects of one treatment persist or carry over and influence
responses to the next treatment.
Confounding - correct answer ✔✔A situation in which the results of an experiment can be attributed to
either the operation of an IV or an extraneous variable.
or
Caused by an uncontrolled extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV.
Cultural Response Set - correct answer ✔✔The tendency of a particular culture to respond on a certain
manner.
You want to investigate which brand of light beer is preferred most by your research participants. You
want to test five beers, but due to a limited budget you will not be able run the number of participants
needed for complete counterbalancing. So, after determining the number of participants you will need
for complete counterbalancing (5!), you decide to randomly select half of the test sequences and then
randomly assign each participant to one sequence. To do this, you will need _______________
participants. - correct answer ✔✔60: 5! = 120, 120/2 = 60
