NSG5003 WEEK2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+

NSG5003 WEEK2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ What step is preformulation studies in dosage form development? - ANSWER-First step, when a drug shows promise in animal subjects Preformulation studies are concerned with what? - ANSWER-Physical and chemical properties of a drug, either alone or in combination with excipients Preformulation studies will determine what in regards to excipients? - ANSWERWhether an excipient should or should not be used in the formulation Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an) - ANSWER-c. Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called: - ANSWERAnaphylaxis The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins? - ANSWER-IgE Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-IgE Blood transfusion reactions are an example of: - ANSWER-Alloimmunity During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated? - ANSWER-c. Eosinophils During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? - ANSWER-Histamine bound to H2 What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically predisposed to develop allergies? - ANSWER-c. Greater quantities of IgE What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? - ANSWER-d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. When mismatched blood is administered causing an ABO incompatibility, the erythrocytes are destroyed by - ANSWER-a. Complement-mediated cell lysis When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, the blood cells are destroyed by: - ANSWER-Phagocytosis in the spleen When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a result of: - ANSWER-d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-d. Natural killer cells Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-Modulation Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following? - ANSWER-b. Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissues A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result? - ANSWER-. Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes that are deposited in tissues are a result of: - ANSWER-Complement activation Raynaud phenomenon is classified as a type III hypersensitivity reaction and is due to: - ANSWER-a. Immune complexes that are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? - ANSWER-Zinc When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what reaction occurs? - ANSWER-Alloimmunity Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease? - ANSWER-Systemic lupus erythematosus Why does tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation? - ANSWER-a. Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Which blood cell carries the carbohydrate antigens for blood type? - ANSWERErythrocytes A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of which anti-antibodies? - ANSWER-A and B Which class of immunoglobulins forms isohemagglutinins? - ANSWER-IgM Which component of the immune system is deficient in individuals with infections caused by viruses, fungi, or yeast? - ANSWER-T cells In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell immunity? - ANSWER-DiGeorge syndrome How many months does it take for the newborn to be sufficiently protected by antibodies produced by its own B cells? - ANSWER-6 to 8 Considering the effects of nutritional deficiencies on the immune system, severe deficits in calories and protein lead to deficiencies in the formation of which immune cells? - ANSWER-T cells Urticaria are a manifestation of a which type of hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWERType I Graves disease is a result of: - ANSWER-c. Autoantibodies binding to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor sites Raynaud phenomenon is an example of which type of hypersensitivity? - ANSWERType III Which statement is true concerning an atopic individual? - ANSWER-They tend to produce more Fc receptors. Which statement is true regarding immunodeficiency? - ANSWER-a. Immunodeficiency is generally not present in other family members A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following? - ANSWER-No antigens Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-Type I Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that results in which maternal antibody? - ANSWER-b. Affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism When a tuberculin skin test is positive, the hard center and erythema surrounding the induration are a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) - ANSWER-T lymphocytes and Macrophages Exposure to which of the following could result in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction? (Select all that apply.) - ANSWER-Poison Ivy, Neomycin, Nickel, Detergents Which disorders are considered autoimmune? (Select all that apply - ANSWER-Crohns, Addisons, Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus Which statements best define acute rejection? (Select all that apply.) - ANSWER-c. Immunosuppressive drugs delay or lessen the intensity of an acute rejection. d. Acute rejection is associated with the body's response to an organ transplant. e. Acute rejection is a response against unmatched human leukocyte antigens (HLAs a. Acute rejection is a cell-mediated immune response Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process? - ANSWER-c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance? - ANSWER-b. Promote phagocytosis Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid? - ANSWER-d. Sebaceous gland sebum Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy? - ANSWERc. Clostridium difficile What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER-b. Increased capillary permeability What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER-a. Vasodilation of blood vessels Activation of the classical pathway begins with: - ANSWER-b. Antigen-antibody complexes What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? - ANSWER-b. Coagulation Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? - ANSWER-a. Complement cascade What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? - ANSWER-c. Vasodilation What is an outcome of the complement cascade? - ANSWER-d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: - ANSWER-a. Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor? - ANSWER-c. X Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor? - ANSWER-Plasmin The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by: - ANSWER-c. Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area What affect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on inflammation? - ANSWER-a. Inhibition Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion? - ANSWER-c. Antagonistically Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? - ANSWER-c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists. Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells? - ANSWERc. Platelet-activating factor What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? - ANSWER-d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation. What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? - ANSWER-c. Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destructio