NUR426 Exam 1: NUR426 Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions &
Answers
What are the four basic tissues of the human body? - ANSWER:epithelial, muscle, neural & connective
tissues
What is the function of each type of bone cell? - ANSWER:Osteoblast - form bone;
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone;
Osteoclast - remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance? - ANSWER:glycosaminoglycans
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone? - ANSWER:collagen type I
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone? - ANSWER:Hydroxyapetite
Bone is also repository for what additional ions? - ANSWER:sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead,
strontium & radium
What three responses of "living" bone were stressed in class? - ANSWER:it has the ability to heal, to
remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues? - ANSWER:mesenchyme
and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme? - ANSWER:intramembranous
ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:from second to third
month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage? - ANSWER:endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage? - ANSWER:from the second to fifth
month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:the
mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous
ossification? - ANSWER:the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance? -
ANSWER:primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
,Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density? - ANSWER:cortical
or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone? - ANSWER:the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone? - ANSWER:the endosteum
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female
variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or
developmental variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or
locational variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:Geographic variation or
population based variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness
between individuals is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone? - ANSWER:long bones, short
bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal bones or pnuematic bones and sesamoid bones
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER:long bones,
short bones and sesamoid bones
What are examples of short bones? - ANSWER:most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone? - ANSWER:the bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bone? - ANSWER:patella and pisiform
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton? - ANSWER:flat bones, irregular
bones and paranasal or pneumatic bones
What are examples of pneumatic bone? - ANSWER:frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses? - ANSWER:frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in the spinal anatomy? -
ANSWER:accessory and heterotropic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone? - ANSWER:accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone? - ANSWER:para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location? - ANSWER:hetertropic bone
What are examples of heterotropic bone? - ANSWER:calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and
ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories? - ANSWER:elevations, depressions, tunnels or
passageways & facets
, When do the surface features of bone become prominent? - ANSWER:during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations? - ANSWER:Linear, rounded and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevation? - ANSWER:the line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations? - ANSWER:tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber
or tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations? - ANSWER:spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions? - ANSWER:linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions? - ANSWER:notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions? - ANSWER:the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone? - ANSWER:ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus? - ANSWER:an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone? - ANSWER:foramen or
canal
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but
appears as a blind-ended passageway? - ANSWER:meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets? - ANSWER:flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets? - ANSWER:articular heads and articular condyles
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER:126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton? - ANSWER:80 bones
What bones form the axial skeleton? - ANSWER:the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull? - ANSWER:28 bones
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible? - ANSWER:the cranium
What is the neurocranium? - ANSWER:the bones that support or protect the brain
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium? - ANSWER:8 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull? - ANSWER:the frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral skeleton)? - ANSWER:14 bones
What is the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium)? - ANSWER:the bones that support the
face or front of the head
What bones form the facial skeleton? - ANSWER:mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal
concha, palatine and zygomatic
Answers
What are the four basic tissues of the human body? - ANSWER:epithelial, muscle, neural & connective
tissues
What is the function of each type of bone cell? - ANSWER:Osteoblast - form bone;
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone;
Osteoclast - remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance? - ANSWER:glycosaminoglycans
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone? - ANSWER:collagen type I
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone? - ANSWER:Hydroxyapetite
Bone is also repository for what additional ions? - ANSWER:sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead,
strontium & radium
What three responses of "living" bone were stressed in class? - ANSWER:it has the ability to heal, to
remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues? - ANSWER:mesenchyme
and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme? - ANSWER:intramembranous
ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:from second to third
month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage? - ANSWER:endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage? - ANSWER:from the second to fifth
month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification? - ANSWER:the
mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous
ossification? - ANSWER:the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance? -
ANSWER:primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
,Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density? - ANSWER:cortical
or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone? - ANSWER:the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone? - ANSWER:the endosteum
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female
variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or
developmental variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or
locational variation is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:Geographic variation or
population based variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness
between individuals is identified as which type of variation? - ANSWER:idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone? - ANSWER:long bones, short
bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal bones or pnuematic bones and sesamoid bones
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER:long bones,
short bones and sesamoid bones
What are examples of short bones? - ANSWER:most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone? - ANSWER:the bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bone? - ANSWER:patella and pisiform
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton? - ANSWER:flat bones, irregular
bones and paranasal or pneumatic bones
What are examples of pneumatic bone? - ANSWER:frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses? - ANSWER:frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in the spinal anatomy? -
ANSWER:accessory and heterotropic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone? - ANSWER:accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone? - ANSWER:para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location? - ANSWER:hetertropic bone
What are examples of heterotropic bone? - ANSWER:calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and
ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories? - ANSWER:elevations, depressions, tunnels or
passageways & facets
, When do the surface features of bone become prominent? - ANSWER:during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations? - ANSWER:Linear, rounded and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevation? - ANSWER:the line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations? - ANSWER:tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber
or tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations? - ANSWER:spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions? - ANSWER:linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions? - ANSWER:notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions? - ANSWER:the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone? - ANSWER:ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus? - ANSWER:an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone? - ANSWER:foramen or
canal
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but
appears as a blind-ended passageway? - ANSWER:meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets? - ANSWER:flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets? - ANSWER:articular heads and articular condyles
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER:126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton? - ANSWER:80 bones
What bones form the axial skeleton? - ANSWER:the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull? - ANSWER:28 bones
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible? - ANSWER:the cranium
What is the neurocranium? - ANSWER:the bones that support or protect the brain
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium? - ANSWER:8 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull? - ANSWER:the frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral skeleton)? - ANSWER:14 bones
What is the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium)? - ANSWER:the bones that support the
face or front of the head
What bones form the facial skeleton? - ANSWER:mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal
concha, palatine and zygomatic
