BIOL121 Syllabus Palm Cards-
OT Test Set
Chem- Elements - Answer - Made of only one type of atom w/ same number of protons
- Elements have their own characteristic physical and chemical properties
- Simplest substance
Chem- Molecules - Answer - General term used to describe two or more atoms joined
together by chemical bonds.
- Element or compound
Roles of H, K, Na, C, Ca, Fe - Answer - H: component of all organic compounds
- Na: fluid balance, nervous impulse, main extracellular cation
- K: nervous impulses, main intracellular cation
- C: principle element in organic compounds
- Ca: muscle contraction, nervous impulses, blood coagulation, bones and teeth
- Fe: component of haemoglobin
- O: cellular respiration
- N: compounds of amines, amino acids and nucleic acid
- P: component of ATP
- S: found in proteins
- Cl: principle extracellular anion
- Mg: cofactor for enzymes
Anions - Answer - Negative
- Gain elec
Cations - Answer - Positive
- Lose elec
Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins: structure, haemoglobin
- Carbohydrates: ATP, glucose
,- Lipids/fats: energy storage, phospholipids
- Nucleic acid (building blocks of genes): inherited genetic material, DNA/RNA
- Functions:
· Structure/form work
· Storage
· Messengers
· Control
pH and body systems - Answer - Inside and outside of cell are pH balanced to ensure
homeostasis
- Abnormal pH can damage cells and tissues disrupting body functions (break bonds,
change shape of biological molecule, alter cellular functions
- Buffer takes or releases H+ ions, prevent large pH changes
- Blood pH 7.35-7.45
Cell - Answer - Group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- Basic unit of life
- Cell numbers vary in health and disease
Cell membrane - Answer - Barrier: separate intracellular and extracellular fluid
- Gatekeeper: selectively permeable (solubility, size and charge)
- Communication: Receptor, work together, homeostasis
- Structural features
o Phospholipids
+ Hydrophilic phosphate heads
+ Hydrophobic lipid tails
o Proteins- integral
+ Channels, gates or pumps
+ Carrier proteins
+ Receptors
+ Anchoring proteins
,Role and location of receptors - Answer - On cell membrane
- Communicate with other cells
Organelle parts - Answer - Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
Ribosomes - Answer - Site of protein synthesis/ production
- Freely float in the cytosol
- Membrane-bound: rough endoplasmic reticulum (modifies and transport protiens)
(cells that secret proteins and b cells= lots of RER)
Mitochondria - Answer - Powerhouse of the cell
- Makes ATP
- Active cells have lots of mitochondria, inactive have few
- 2 membranes
- Contain DNA, RNA and ribosomes
- Reproduce themselves
Nucleus - Answer - Control centre of cell
- Holds DNA
- decides the types and amounts of proteins to be synthesised
- Cells can be uninucleated, multinucleate and anucleated (cannot make protein or
reproduce)
Tissues - Answer - Nervous
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
Nervous Tissue - Answer - Controls
- Function: communication, coordinates digestion and secretion (nutrient absopsion)
- Types: neurons (nerve cells), neuroglia (support cells)
- Location: Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Walls of GI tract
, Epithelial Tissue - Answer - Covers
- Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion
- Classified: shape and number of layers
- Transport and movement due to shape
- Location: lining GI tract organs, and other hollow organs, skin surfaces, mouth,
pharynx, oesophagus
Connective Tissue - Answer - Supports
- Functions: support and bind other tissues
- Classified by physical properties: connective tissue proper fluid connective tissue,
supporting connective tissue
- Location: Fat/ soft padding tissue, bone, tendon, above diaphragm
Muscle Tissue - Answer - Moves
- Function: contraction, control voluntary defecation and swallowing
- Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Location: cardiac, smooth, skeletal, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus
Location and function of tissue membranes - Answer - Serous
- Cutaneous
- Mucous
- Synovial
Serous membrane - Answer - Line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
- Peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities
Cutaneous membrane - Answer - Skin
- Covers body surface
Mucous membrane - Answer - Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract
- Coated with secretions of mucous glands
Synovial membrane - Answer - Line joint cavities
- Produce fluid within the joint
Diffusion - Answer - Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient
OT Test Set
Chem- Elements - Answer - Made of only one type of atom w/ same number of protons
- Elements have their own characteristic physical and chemical properties
- Simplest substance
Chem- Molecules - Answer - General term used to describe two or more atoms joined
together by chemical bonds.
- Element or compound
Roles of H, K, Na, C, Ca, Fe - Answer - H: component of all organic compounds
- Na: fluid balance, nervous impulse, main extracellular cation
- K: nervous impulses, main intracellular cation
- C: principle element in organic compounds
- Ca: muscle contraction, nervous impulses, blood coagulation, bones and teeth
- Fe: component of haemoglobin
- O: cellular respiration
- N: compounds of amines, amino acids and nucleic acid
- P: component of ATP
- S: found in proteins
- Cl: principle extracellular anion
- Mg: cofactor for enzymes
Anions - Answer - Negative
- Gain elec
Cations - Answer - Positive
- Lose elec
Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins: structure, haemoglobin
- Carbohydrates: ATP, glucose
,- Lipids/fats: energy storage, phospholipids
- Nucleic acid (building blocks of genes): inherited genetic material, DNA/RNA
- Functions:
· Structure/form work
· Storage
· Messengers
· Control
pH and body systems - Answer - Inside and outside of cell are pH balanced to ensure
homeostasis
- Abnormal pH can damage cells and tissues disrupting body functions (break bonds,
change shape of biological molecule, alter cellular functions
- Buffer takes or releases H+ ions, prevent large pH changes
- Blood pH 7.35-7.45
Cell - Answer - Group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- Basic unit of life
- Cell numbers vary in health and disease
Cell membrane - Answer - Barrier: separate intracellular and extracellular fluid
- Gatekeeper: selectively permeable (solubility, size and charge)
- Communication: Receptor, work together, homeostasis
- Structural features
o Phospholipids
+ Hydrophilic phosphate heads
+ Hydrophobic lipid tails
o Proteins- integral
+ Channels, gates or pumps
+ Carrier proteins
+ Receptors
+ Anchoring proteins
,Role and location of receptors - Answer - On cell membrane
- Communicate with other cells
Organelle parts - Answer - Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
Ribosomes - Answer - Site of protein synthesis/ production
- Freely float in the cytosol
- Membrane-bound: rough endoplasmic reticulum (modifies and transport protiens)
(cells that secret proteins and b cells= lots of RER)
Mitochondria - Answer - Powerhouse of the cell
- Makes ATP
- Active cells have lots of mitochondria, inactive have few
- 2 membranes
- Contain DNA, RNA and ribosomes
- Reproduce themselves
Nucleus - Answer - Control centre of cell
- Holds DNA
- decides the types and amounts of proteins to be synthesised
- Cells can be uninucleated, multinucleate and anucleated (cannot make protein or
reproduce)
Tissues - Answer - Nervous
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
Nervous Tissue - Answer - Controls
- Function: communication, coordinates digestion and secretion (nutrient absopsion)
- Types: neurons (nerve cells), neuroglia (support cells)
- Location: Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Walls of GI tract
, Epithelial Tissue - Answer - Covers
- Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion
- Classified: shape and number of layers
- Transport and movement due to shape
- Location: lining GI tract organs, and other hollow organs, skin surfaces, mouth,
pharynx, oesophagus
Connective Tissue - Answer - Supports
- Functions: support and bind other tissues
- Classified by physical properties: connective tissue proper fluid connective tissue,
supporting connective tissue
- Location: Fat/ soft padding tissue, bone, tendon, above diaphragm
Muscle Tissue - Answer - Moves
- Function: contraction, control voluntary defecation and swallowing
- Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Location: cardiac, smooth, skeletal, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus
Location and function of tissue membranes - Answer - Serous
- Cutaneous
- Mucous
- Synovial
Serous membrane - Answer - Line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
- Peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities
Cutaneous membrane - Answer - Skin
- Covers body surface
Mucous membrane - Answer - Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract
- Coated with secretions of mucous glands
Synovial membrane - Answer - Line joint cavities
- Produce fluid within the joint
Diffusion - Answer - Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient
