BIOL121- SEM 1 OT EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Levels of Organisation - Answer - Atoms in combination
- Complex protein molecule
- Protein filaments (chem and molecular level)
- Cellular level
- tissue
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
Atoms - Answer - Building blocks of all matter
- Protons (pos), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (neg)
- Lose or gain elec to become ions and stable
Molecules - Answer Group of atoms working together
Elements - Answer - Symbol
- ions and electrolytes
- Substance made up of atoms with same number of protons
- Simplest substance known
- Mental or non-metal
Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids/fats
- Nucleic acid
Macromolecule function - Answer - structure
- storage
- messengers
,- control
Cellular level - Answer - group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- basic unit of life
Tissue level - Answer - group of similar cells working together
- 4 types:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Neural/ nervous tissue
Organ level - Answer - A group of different tissues working together
- Multi-tasking and specialists
Organ system level - Answer - A group of organs working together
- Humans have 11 organ systems
Organ system function - Answer - Control/direct
- Cool and warm
- Digest
- Move
- Protect
- Remove
- Reproduce
- Store
- Support
- Transport
Organism Level - Answer - Living being
Body cavities - Answer - Where organ are suspended
- Bones, muscles ect.
- 2 main cavities: Abdominal cavity and Thoracic cavity separated by diaphragm
,- Closed sacks with fluid inside
- Different/ change size and shapes to allow organs to function
- Allow organs to expand and contract without disturbing other organs
Anatomy - Answer - Structure
- means- cutting open
- "what does it look like?"
Physiology - Answer - Function
- study of how the body works
- "what does it do?"
Histology - Answer - Study of biological cells and tissues
Anatomical Postion - Answer · Standing erect head level and eyes facing forward, hands
at side and palms forward legs parallel, feet flat on floor
Supine - Answer - the body is in a horizontal position with the face and upper body
orientated upwards
- position for dissection and autopsy
Prone - Answer - Horizontal position with the face and upper body orientated
downwards
- Other term used for reclining body
- Helps increase oxygenation in patients with respiratory distress
Anatomical terms - Answer - Helps to identify both internal and external body structures
Superior - Answer - Top half
- Closer to head
Inferior - Answer - Bottom half
- Closer to feet
Anterior/ Ventral - Answer - Towards front of body
Posterior/ Dorsal - Answer - Towards back of body
Medial - Answer - Middle of body
Lateral - Answer - further from mid line
, Proximal - Answer - Closer to limbs point of attachment
Distal - Answer - Further away from limb point of attachment
Superficial - Answer - Towards surface of a body structure or organ
Deep - Answer - Towards centre of body structure or organ
Electrons - Answer - Found in shells around nucleus
- Negative charge
- Proton and electron charge are equal
- Valence electrons= outer most shell
Molecule - Answer - Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
- Element or compound
Compounds - Answer - Atoms from different elements react together and are bonded
- Different properties from their elements
- some atoms are only single atoms and don't react (noble gases)
- Bond to become stable (full outer shell)
Ions - Answer - Atom that has gained or lost electron
- Lose/donate e- = pos charge, Cation
- Gain/accept e- = neg charge, Anion
Ionic bonds - Answer - One atom transferring electron to another atom to form ions
- Oppositely charged ions attract each other, this force of attraction creates the ionic
bond.
Covalent bonds - Answer - Forms when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons.
Chemical Equation - Answer - Reactants are changed (left side)
- Products are produced (right side)
- reactant + reactant → product + product
- The chemical formula of a compound tells you how many atoms of each element the
molecule contains.
- Elements form compounds
- Atoms of elements combine in certain fixed ratios. The ratios are determined by the
STUDY GUIDE
Levels of Organisation - Answer - Atoms in combination
- Complex protein molecule
- Protein filaments (chem and molecular level)
- Cellular level
- tissue
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
Atoms - Answer - Building blocks of all matter
- Protons (pos), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (neg)
- Lose or gain elec to become ions and stable
Molecules - Answer Group of atoms working together
Elements - Answer - Symbol
- ions and electrolytes
- Substance made up of atoms with same number of protons
- Simplest substance known
- Mental or non-metal
Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids/fats
- Nucleic acid
Macromolecule function - Answer - structure
- storage
- messengers
,- control
Cellular level - Answer - group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- basic unit of life
Tissue level - Answer - group of similar cells working together
- 4 types:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Neural/ nervous tissue
Organ level - Answer - A group of different tissues working together
- Multi-tasking and specialists
Organ system level - Answer - A group of organs working together
- Humans have 11 organ systems
Organ system function - Answer - Control/direct
- Cool and warm
- Digest
- Move
- Protect
- Remove
- Reproduce
- Store
- Support
- Transport
Organism Level - Answer - Living being
Body cavities - Answer - Where organ are suspended
- Bones, muscles ect.
- 2 main cavities: Abdominal cavity and Thoracic cavity separated by diaphragm
,- Closed sacks with fluid inside
- Different/ change size and shapes to allow organs to function
- Allow organs to expand and contract without disturbing other organs
Anatomy - Answer - Structure
- means- cutting open
- "what does it look like?"
Physiology - Answer - Function
- study of how the body works
- "what does it do?"
Histology - Answer - Study of biological cells and tissues
Anatomical Postion - Answer · Standing erect head level and eyes facing forward, hands
at side and palms forward legs parallel, feet flat on floor
Supine - Answer - the body is in a horizontal position with the face and upper body
orientated upwards
- position for dissection and autopsy
Prone - Answer - Horizontal position with the face and upper body orientated
downwards
- Other term used for reclining body
- Helps increase oxygenation in patients with respiratory distress
Anatomical terms - Answer - Helps to identify both internal and external body structures
Superior - Answer - Top half
- Closer to head
Inferior - Answer - Bottom half
- Closer to feet
Anterior/ Ventral - Answer - Towards front of body
Posterior/ Dorsal - Answer - Towards back of body
Medial - Answer - Middle of body
Lateral - Answer - further from mid line
, Proximal - Answer - Closer to limbs point of attachment
Distal - Answer - Further away from limb point of attachment
Superficial - Answer - Towards surface of a body structure or organ
Deep - Answer - Towards centre of body structure or organ
Electrons - Answer - Found in shells around nucleus
- Negative charge
- Proton and electron charge are equal
- Valence electrons= outer most shell
Molecule - Answer - Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
- Element or compound
Compounds - Answer - Atoms from different elements react together and are bonded
- Different properties from their elements
- some atoms are only single atoms and don't react (noble gases)
- Bond to become stable (full outer shell)
Ions - Answer - Atom that has gained or lost electron
- Lose/donate e- = pos charge, Cation
- Gain/accept e- = neg charge, Anion
Ionic bonds - Answer - One atom transferring electron to another atom to form ions
- Oppositely charged ions attract each other, this force of attraction creates the ionic
bond.
Covalent bonds - Answer - Forms when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons.
Chemical Equation - Answer - Reactants are changed (left side)
- Products are produced (right side)
- reactant + reactant → product + product
- The chemical formula of a compound tells you how many atoms of each element the
molecule contains.
- Elements form compounds
- Atoms of elements combine in certain fixed ratios. The ratios are determined by the
