What do all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have as some similar structural
components? - ANSWER 1. Genetic material in the form of chromosomes,
2. a membrane-bound lipid bilayer that separates the inside of the cell from the
outside of the cell,
3. ribosomes that are responsible for protein synthesis.
What are the four classes of biomolecules that are present in all cell types? -
ANSWER 1. lipids
2. proteins
3. nucleic acids
4. carbohydrates
What is a cell with a factory? - ANSWER A chemical factory that designs,
imports, synthesises, uses, exports and degrades a variety of chemicals (lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates).
What are two things a cell MUST do? - ANSWER (1) Must sense the amount
of raw and finished chemicals it has available
(2) Must respond to its own and external needs by increasing or shutting off
production.
Define biochemistry. - ANSWER branch of science that explores the chemical
processes within a cell.
What does the chemistry of the cell allow for? - ANSWER - the ability to
sense and respond to changes in the surroundings
- a high degree of complexity and organization
- the extraction, transformation, and systematic use of energy to create and
maintain structures and to do work
- the interactions of individual components to be dynamic and coordinated
-a capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for
evolution
,What is focused on in biochemistry? - ANSWER The chemical logics behind
the:
(1) initiation and acceleration of reactions
(2) organization and specificity of metabolism and signaling
(3) storage and transfer of information and energy
Photosynthesizing organisms such as green and purple bacteria, plants
cyanobacteria, algae get there energy from where? - ANSWER
Electromagnetic radiation
All biochemical needs from the biosphere come
from_______________________________________ and
__________________________________. - ANSWER 1. chemical elements
2. salts and molecules
Chemicals from the biosphere are usually found where? - ANSWER In the
lower regions of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (total water on planet) and the
upper parts of the lithosphere (outer layer of the earth).
What are the fundamental components of biochemistry and bioenergetics? -
ANSWER electrons, protons and energy
When do covalent bonds occur? - ANSWER When a pair of electrons is
shared between the nuclei of atoms or ions.
The ____ and ____ orbitals of electrons closest to the nuclei of ______,_____,
_____ and ______are those most frequently involved in biochemical bonds,
reactions and molecule formation. - ANSWER 1. The s and p orbitals
2. C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen) and N (Nitrogen)
___________, _______________ and ______________ "double" bonds are the
result of a sigma bond (σ) and a pi bond (π). - ANSWER Carbon, oxygen and
nitrogen
What are hydrogen bonds? - ANSWER the interaction of a hydrogen atom
with an electronegative atom such as N(nitrogen), O (oxygen), F (fluorine)
(from another chemical group).
, What are the features of a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER (1) Hydrogen, H is
shared by two electronegative atoms such as nitrogen or oxygen.
(2) hydrogen-bond donor is the group that includes an electronegative atom
(where the hydrogen atom is more tightly bound to)
(3) hydrogen-bond acceptor - electronegative atom that is less tightly bound to
the hydrogen atom.
(4) Electronegative atom - can pull electron density away from the hydrogen
atom creating a positive electronegativity charge.
(5) H can also interact with an atom that has negative electronegativity charge.
why are covalent bonds stronger than noncovalent bonds? - ANSWER
Covalent bonds arise from the sharing of an electron pair between atoms,
noncovalent bonds - unlike covalent bonds, do not involve the sharing of
electrons but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic
interactions between molecules or within a molecule. Thus covalent bonds are
stronger.
Give examples of covalent bonds. - ANSWER Carbon to hydrogen, Oxygen
and hydrogen
Give definitions of the types of noncovalent bonds and their examples. -
ANSWER 1. hydrophobic interaction: the description of the noninteraction
between water and nonpolar substances e.g. fat and water
2. hydrogen bond: the interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative
atom e.g. H2O, NH3
3. Ion-dipole interaction: an electrostatic interaction between a charged ion and
a molecule that has a dipole. e.g. salts - NaCl, KCl
List the chemical properties of water - ANSWER 1. The molecule has wide 'V'
shape (the HO-H angle is 104°) with uneven sharing of electrons between O and
H atoms.
2. The properties of H2O have a powerful effect upon the forces of natural
selection at the level of the biomolecule
3. O, with its higher electronegativity, holds electrons closer to itself than H
does. H, as a result, has a partial positive charge (typically designated as δ+ )
while O has a partial negative charge (written as δ- ). Thus, H2O is a polar
molecule because charges are distributed around it unevenly, not symmetrically.
components? - ANSWER 1. Genetic material in the form of chromosomes,
2. a membrane-bound lipid bilayer that separates the inside of the cell from the
outside of the cell,
3. ribosomes that are responsible for protein synthesis.
What are the four classes of biomolecules that are present in all cell types? -
ANSWER 1. lipids
2. proteins
3. nucleic acids
4. carbohydrates
What is a cell with a factory? - ANSWER A chemical factory that designs,
imports, synthesises, uses, exports and degrades a variety of chemicals (lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates).
What are two things a cell MUST do? - ANSWER (1) Must sense the amount
of raw and finished chemicals it has available
(2) Must respond to its own and external needs by increasing or shutting off
production.
Define biochemistry. - ANSWER branch of science that explores the chemical
processes within a cell.
What does the chemistry of the cell allow for? - ANSWER - the ability to
sense and respond to changes in the surroundings
- a high degree of complexity and organization
- the extraction, transformation, and systematic use of energy to create and
maintain structures and to do work
- the interactions of individual components to be dynamic and coordinated
-a capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for
evolution
,What is focused on in biochemistry? - ANSWER The chemical logics behind
the:
(1) initiation and acceleration of reactions
(2) organization and specificity of metabolism and signaling
(3) storage and transfer of information and energy
Photosynthesizing organisms such as green and purple bacteria, plants
cyanobacteria, algae get there energy from where? - ANSWER
Electromagnetic radiation
All biochemical needs from the biosphere come
from_______________________________________ and
__________________________________. - ANSWER 1. chemical elements
2. salts and molecules
Chemicals from the biosphere are usually found where? - ANSWER In the
lower regions of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (total water on planet) and the
upper parts of the lithosphere (outer layer of the earth).
What are the fundamental components of biochemistry and bioenergetics? -
ANSWER electrons, protons and energy
When do covalent bonds occur? - ANSWER When a pair of electrons is
shared between the nuclei of atoms or ions.
The ____ and ____ orbitals of electrons closest to the nuclei of ______,_____,
_____ and ______are those most frequently involved in biochemical bonds,
reactions and molecule formation. - ANSWER 1. The s and p orbitals
2. C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen) and N (Nitrogen)
___________, _______________ and ______________ "double" bonds are the
result of a sigma bond (σ) and a pi bond (π). - ANSWER Carbon, oxygen and
nitrogen
What are hydrogen bonds? - ANSWER the interaction of a hydrogen atom
with an electronegative atom such as N(nitrogen), O (oxygen), F (fluorine)
(from another chemical group).
, What are the features of a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER (1) Hydrogen, H is
shared by two electronegative atoms such as nitrogen or oxygen.
(2) hydrogen-bond donor is the group that includes an electronegative atom
(where the hydrogen atom is more tightly bound to)
(3) hydrogen-bond acceptor - electronegative atom that is less tightly bound to
the hydrogen atom.
(4) Electronegative atom - can pull electron density away from the hydrogen
atom creating a positive electronegativity charge.
(5) H can also interact with an atom that has negative electronegativity charge.
why are covalent bonds stronger than noncovalent bonds? - ANSWER
Covalent bonds arise from the sharing of an electron pair between atoms,
noncovalent bonds - unlike covalent bonds, do not involve the sharing of
electrons but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic
interactions between molecules or within a molecule. Thus covalent bonds are
stronger.
Give examples of covalent bonds. - ANSWER Carbon to hydrogen, Oxygen
and hydrogen
Give definitions of the types of noncovalent bonds and their examples. -
ANSWER 1. hydrophobic interaction: the description of the noninteraction
between water and nonpolar substances e.g. fat and water
2. hydrogen bond: the interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative
atom e.g. H2O, NH3
3. Ion-dipole interaction: an electrostatic interaction between a charged ion and
a molecule that has a dipole. e.g. salts - NaCl, KCl
List the chemical properties of water - ANSWER 1. The molecule has wide 'V'
shape (the HO-H angle is 104°) with uneven sharing of electrons between O and
H atoms.
2. The properties of H2O have a powerful effect upon the forces of natural
selection at the level of the biomolecule
3. O, with its higher electronegativity, holds electrons closer to itself than H
does. H, as a result, has a partial positive charge (typically designated as δ+ )
while O has a partial negative charge (written as δ- ). Thus, H2O is a polar
molecule because charges are distributed around it unevenly, not symmetrically.
