Mallery BIL150 exam 1- Questions &
Answers 100% Accurate
Lecture presented possible scenarios for the origin of the chemicals necessary for the
evolution of early life on Earth. The 3 major hypotheses of the origins of life and cells
are? - CORRECT ANSWER-1 .Chemical Evolution
2. Astrobiological 3.Supreme Being (non-testable)
Radioisotope dating using 235U decay indicates that the Earth is
around______________________________old and that life originated between -
CORRECT ANSWER-4.0 and 4.5 billion years old
life originated about 3.5 billion years ago
Conditions on the primitive Earth are thought to have favored the spontaneous
formation of organic monomers, the linking of these monomers into polymers, the
development of self-replicating molecules, and the grouping of aggregates of organic
molecules into droplets called - CORRECT ANSWER-protobionts
Consider the Stanley Miller apparatus. What was it meant to simulate - CORRECT
ANSWER-early earth-like conditions
What molecules are found in the reaction vesicle labeled A (top) - CORRECT
ANSWER-methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water
the atmosphere inside the vessel "A." (top) is described as a chemically - CORRECT
ANSWER-reducing
,Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual
atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they
were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made...what
molecules did they find in "B (flask on bottom) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogen
cyanide,f ormaldehyde, and many organic molecules, including amino acids,
nucleotides, and sugars.
At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now
in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the
amino acids. Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic
compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made
easily under the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. The
formaldehyde can spontaneously react to form a variety of sugars, including the five-
carbon sugars fundamental to the formation of nucleic acids and such six-carbon sugars
as glucose and fructose
in 1961, Juan Oro found that - CORRECT ANSWER-Juan Oro found that amino acids
could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution. He
also found that his experiment produced an amazing amount of the nucleotide base,
adenine. Adenine is of tremendous biological significance as an organic compound
because it is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is a major energy releasing molecule in cells.
Experiments conducted later showed that the other RNA and DNA bases could be
obtained through simulated prebiotic chemistry with a reducing atmosphere
in miller experiment, what energy source(s) were provided, and what was it likely meant
to simulate? - CORRECT ANSWER-An electrode.
energy Sources on primitive Earth, especially electricity in the form of lightning. While it
is believed lightning storms were extremely common on the primitive Earth, they were
not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed.Subsequent experiments have
substituted ultraviolet light or heat as the energy source On the early Earth there was
much more energy available in ultraviolet light than in lightning discharges
,How might each of the molecules made in the Miller/Urey apparatus have contributed to
the formation of early cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-All of these organics are extremely
common metabolites and structural building blocks in contemporary organisms.
Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been produced in the
laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators. While
there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of
proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general
primitive reducing conditions
What is an abiotic molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER-abiotic components Nonliving
chemical and physical factors in the environment
What is the definition of a biological macromolecule? - CORRECT ANSWER-biotic -a
giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation
reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that makeup
living organisms
examples of
1. nucleic acid
2. protein
3. carbohydrate
4. lipid - CORRECT ANSWER-1. nucleic acid
a. deoxyribonucleic acid
b. ribonucleic acid
2. protein
a. albumin
b. petidase
, 3. carbohydrate
a. glucose, etc
b. sucrose
4. lipid
a. triglyceride
b. phospholipids
Where did the Chemicals of Life come from?
This idea is often known as - CORRECT ANSWER-Panspermia
Pose an experimentally testable research question that might help to determine whether
this idea might be correct. Have your Learning Community critique the experiment. Is
the experiment really testable? - CORRECT ANSWER-Determine if the precursor
chemicals of life on Earth (amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides) exist on other
planetary bodies in the Universe, such as planets like Mars
Possible extraterrestrial sources of early organic molecules that may have lead to life
include: - CORRECT ANSWER-comets
meteorites
asteroids
science vs religious belief - CORRECT ANSWER-The difference between science and
religious belief is that science is experimentally testable. At present, the existence of a
divine creation is not experimentally testable and therefore is in the realm of faith.
Answers 100% Accurate
Lecture presented possible scenarios for the origin of the chemicals necessary for the
evolution of early life on Earth. The 3 major hypotheses of the origins of life and cells
are? - CORRECT ANSWER-1 .Chemical Evolution
2. Astrobiological 3.Supreme Being (non-testable)
Radioisotope dating using 235U decay indicates that the Earth is
around______________________________old and that life originated between -
CORRECT ANSWER-4.0 and 4.5 billion years old
life originated about 3.5 billion years ago
Conditions on the primitive Earth are thought to have favored the spontaneous
formation of organic monomers, the linking of these monomers into polymers, the
development of self-replicating molecules, and the grouping of aggregates of organic
molecules into droplets called - CORRECT ANSWER-protobionts
Consider the Stanley Miller apparatus. What was it meant to simulate - CORRECT
ANSWER-early earth-like conditions
What molecules are found in the reaction vesicle labeled A (top) - CORRECT
ANSWER-methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water
the atmosphere inside the vessel "A." (top) is described as a chemically - CORRECT
ANSWER-reducing
,Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual
atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they
were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made...what
molecules did they find in "B (flask on bottom) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogen
cyanide,f ormaldehyde, and many organic molecules, including amino acids,
nucleotides, and sugars.
At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now
in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the
amino acids. Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic
compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made
easily under the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. The
formaldehyde can spontaneously react to form a variety of sugars, including the five-
carbon sugars fundamental to the formation of nucleic acids and such six-carbon sugars
as glucose and fructose
in 1961, Juan Oro found that - CORRECT ANSWER-Juan Oro found that amino acids
could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution. He
also found that his experiment produced an amazing amount of the nucleotide base,
adenine. Adenine is of tremendous biological significance as an organic compound
because it is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is a major energy releasing molecule in cells.
Experiments conducted later showed that the other RNA and DNA bases could be
obtained through simulated prebiotic chemistry with a reducing atmosphere
in miller experiment, what energy source(s) were provided, and what was it likely meant
to simulate? - CORRECT ANSWER-An electrode.
energy Sources on primitive Earth, especially electricity in the form of lightning. While it
is believed lightning storms were extremely common on the primitive Earth, they were
not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed.Subsequent experiments have
substituted ultraviolet light or heat as the energy source On the early Earth there was
much more energy available in ultraviolet light than in lightning discharges
,How might each of the molecules made in the Miller/Urey apparatus have contributed to
the formation of early cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-All of these organics are extremely
common metabolites and structural building blocks in contemporary organisms.
Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been produced in the
laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators. While
there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of
proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general
primitive reducing conditions
What is an abiotic molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER-abiotic components Nonliving
chemical and physical factors in the environment
What is the definition of a biological macromolecule? - CORRECT ANSWER-biotic -a
giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation
reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that makeup
living organisms
examples of
1. nucleic acid
2. protein
3. carbohydrate
4. lipid - CORRECT ANSWER-1. nucleic acid
a. deoxyribonucleic acid
b. ribonucleic acid
2. protein
a. albumin
b. petidase
, 3. carbohydrate
a. glucose, etc
b. sucrose
4. lipid
a. triglyceride
b. phospholipids
Where did the Chemicals of Life come from?
This idea is often known as - CORRECT ANSWER-Panspermia
Pose an experimentally testable research question that might help to determine whether
this idea might be correct. Have your Learning Community critique the experiment. Is
the experiment really testable? - CORRECT ANSWER-Determine if the precursor
chemicals of life on Earth (amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides) exist on other
planetary bodies in the Universe, such as planets like Mars
Possible extraterrestrial sources of early organic molecules that may have lead to life
include: - CORRECT ANSWER-comets
meteorites
asteroids
science vs religious belief - CORRECT ANSWER-The difference between science and
religious belief is that science is experimentally testable. At present, the existence of a
divine creation is not experimentally testable and therefore is in the realm of faith.
