FBBC - Unit 4 - Lecture 4 Exam
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Biological Rhythms - Answer Periodic biological fluctuations in an organism that
correspond to, or are in response to, periodic environmental changes.
Ultradian Rhythms - Answer Rhythms that last seconds to hours, such as the nearly 100
Hz cortical EEG.
Infradian Rhythms - Answer Rhythmic biological events with periods longer than a day,
like the menstrual cycle.
Circannual Rhythms - Answer A type of infradian rhythm that occurs once a year, such
as seasonal behaviors like deer mating and chipmunk hibernation.
Circadian Rhythms - Answer Daily cycles of light and dark that result from Earth's spin;
regulate processes like alertness, body temperature, and metabolic rate.
Primary Clocks for Circadian Rhythms - Answer Biological clocks in the brain, not
astronomical (sun and Earth), with the light-dark cycle as the primary zeitgeber.
Zeitgebers - Answer External stimuli (like light) that help adjust and synchronize
biological clocks.
Free Run Periods - Answer When zeitgebers are removed, species maintain a rhythm
but it no longer aligns precisely with the 24-hour cycle.
Jet Lag - Answer Disruption of circadian rhythms due to traveling across time zones,
causing phase advances (east) and phase delays (west).
Shift Work - Answer Disruption of circadian rhythms from forced sleep-wake cycle
changes, resulting in fatigue and cognitive deficits.
Components for Controlling Biological Rhythms - Answer Includes a sensor, a clock,
and an output pathway.
Sensor for Biological Rhythms - Answer The eye, specifically the intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), detect light to adjust biological rhythms.
Retinohypothalamic Pathway - Answer Pathway where retinal ganglion cells send light
information to the SCN, influencing circadian rhythms.
SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) - Answer The brain's primary circadian clock, located
in the hypothalamus, regulates daily rhythmic behaviors.
Molecular Clock in Drosophila - Answer Clock and Cycle proteins interact to control the
transcription of per and cry genes, which regulate the circadian rhythm.
, Clock/Cycle Proteins - Answer Proteins that bind together, promoting the transcription
of per and cry genes, crucial for circadian rhythms.
Per/Cry Complex - Answer A protein complex that inhibits Clock/Cycle transcription,
creating a negative feedback loop to regulate circadian rhythms.
Glutamate's Role in Circadian Rhythms - Answer Light detected by retinal ganglion cells
triggers glutamate release in the SCN, which helps synchronize the molecular clock.
Output Pathway for Biological Rhythms - Answer The SCN coordinates with other brain
nuclei to regulate rhythms like sleep, temperature, and feeding behaviors.
Subparaventricular Zone (SPZ) - Answer A zone that helps organize daily cycles of
wakefulness and body temperature rhythms.
Peripheral Clocks - Answer Biological clocks in peripheral organs like the liver and
heart, synchronized by the SCN's input.
Feeding Rhythms - Answer Feeding cycles, influenced by rest-activity patterns, serve as
strong zeitgebers for peripheral organ clocks.
Sleep and Waking Cycles - Answer Examples of biological rhythms, where sleep is a
conscious state involving perception.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answer A tool that records electrical activity of large
groups of neurons in the brain, used to measure arousal states.
Delta Waves - Answer The slowest EEG waves (0-4 Hz), linked to deep sleep and body
rejuvenation.
Theta Waves - Answer EEG waves (4-8 Hz) associated with creativity, emotional
connection, and relaxation.
Alpha Waves - Answer EEG waves (8-12 Hz) linked to relaxation, but excessive amounts
may lead to daydreaming and difficulty focusing.
Beta Waves - Answer EEG waves (12-30 Hz) linked to focus, problem-solving, and high
stress when in excess.
Gamma Waves - Answer The highest frequency EEG waves (30-100 Hz), associated with
cognition, learning, and REM sleep.
EEG PATTERNS: WAKING STATE - Answer During wakefulness, EEG shows two basic
patterns: alpha and beta activity. The difference between them is amplitude.
ALPHA ACTIVITY - Answer Consists of regular, medium amplitude waves of 8-12 Hz.
Occurs when a person is resting quietly. More prevalent with eyes closed.
BETA ACTIVITY - Answer Consists of irregular, mostly low amplitude waves of 12-30 Hz.
Occurs when a person is alert or actively thinking.
Latest Update
Biological Rhythms - Answer Periodic biological fluctuations in an organism that
correspond to, or are in response to, periodic environmental changes.
Ultradian Rhythms - Answer Rhythms that last seconds to hours, such as the nearly 100
Hz cortical EEG.
Infradian Rhythms - Answer Rhythmic biological events with periods longer than a day,
like the menstrual cycle.
Circannual Rhythms - Answer A type of infradian rhythm that occurs once a year, such
as seasonal behaviors like deer mating and chipmunk hibernation.
Circadian Rhythms - Answer Daily cycles of light and dark that result from Earth's spin;
regulate processes like alertness, body temperature, and metabolic rate.
Primary Clocks for Circadian Rhythms - Answer Biological clocks in the brain, not
astronomical (sun and Earth), with the light-dark cycle as the primary zeitgeber.
Zeitgebers - Answer External stimuli (like light) that help adjust and synchronize
biological clocks.
Free Run Periods - Answer When zeitgebers are removed, species maintain a rhythm
but it no longer aligns precisely with the 24-hour cycle.
Jet Lag - Answer Disruption of circadian rhythms due to traveling across time zones,
causing phase advances (east) and phase delays (west).
Shift Work - Answer Disruption of circadian rhythms from forced sleep-wake cycle
changes, resulting in fatigue and cognitive deficits.
Components for Controlling Biological Rhythms - Answer Includes a sensor, a clock,
and an output pathway.
Sensor for Biological Rhythms - Answer The eye, specifically the intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), detect light to adjust biological rhythms.
Retinohypothalamic Pathway - Answer Pathway where retinal ganglion cells send light
information to the SCN, influencing circadian rhythms.
SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) - Answer The brain's primary circadian clock, located
in the hypothalamus, regulates daily rhythmic behaviors.
Molecular Clock in Drosophila - Answer Clock and Cycle proteins interact to control the
transcription of per and cry genes, which regulate the circadian rhythm.
, Clock/Cycle Proteins - Answer Proteins that bind together, promoting the transcription
of per and cry genes, crucial for circadian rhythms.
Per/Cry Complex - Answer A protein complex that inhibits Clock/Cycle transcription,
creating a negative feedback loop to regulate circadian rhythms.
Glutamate's Role in Circadian Rhythms - Answer Light detected by retinal ganglion cells
triggers glutamate release in the SCN, which helps synchronize the molecular clock.
Output Pathway for Biological Rhythms - Answer The SCN coordinates with other brain
nuclei to regulate rhythms like sleep, temperature, and feeding behaviors.
Subparaventricular Zone (SPZ) - Answer A zone that helps organize daily cycles of
wakefulness and body temperature rhythms.
Peripheral Clocks - Answer Biological clocks in peripheral organs like the liver and
heart, synchronized by the SCN's input.
Feeding Rhythms - Answer Feeding cycles, influenced by rest-activity patterns, serve as
strong zeitgebers for peripheral organ clocks.
Sleep and Waking Cycles - Answer Examples of biological rhythms, where sleep is a
conscious state involving perception.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answer A tool that records electrical activity of large
groups of neurons in the brain, used to measure arousal states.
Delta Waves - Answer The slowest EEG waves (0-4 Hz), linked to deep sleep and body
rejuvenation.
Theta Waves - Answer EEG waves (4-8 Hz) associated with creativity, emotional
connection, and relaxation.
Alpha Waves - Answer EEG waves (8-12 Hz) linked to relaxation, but excessive amounts
may lead to daydreaming and difficulty focusing.
Beta Waves - Answer EEG waves (12-30 Hz) linked to focus, problem-solving, and high
stress when in excess.
Gamma Waves - Answer The highest frequency EEG waves (30-100 Hz), associated with
cognition, learning, and REM sleep.
EEG PATTERNS: WAKING STATE - Answer During wakefulness, EEG shows two basic
patterns: alpha and beta activity. The difference between them is amplitude.
ALPHA ACTIVITY - Answer Consists of regular, medium amplitude waves of 8-12 Hz.
Occurs when a person is resting quietly. More prevalent with eyes closed.
BETA ACTIVITY - Answer Consists of irregular, mostly low amplitude waves of 12-30 Hz.
Occurs when a person is alert or actively thinking.
