NSBH 20450 Boyd Exam | Questions, all Solved
100% Correct with Verified Answers
At birth, mammals have produced ____ of the neurons they will ever have - ✔✔Most
(neurogenesis can still occur in hippocampus)
Where can neurogenesis occur? - ✔✔Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
Increase in post-natal brain weight is due to: (5 things) - ✔✔Growth of size of neurons,
branching of dendrites, elaboration of synapses, increase in myelin, addition of glial cells
How to determine lineage of neurons? - ✔✔Use GFP which is passed down to daughter cells
How to determine birthdate/age of neuron? - ✔✔Cells actively duplicating (in S phase) will
insert radio-labeled 3H Thymadine or BrDU into DNA, which allows you to see where cells are
being born
How to tell cell type of differentiated neurons? - ✔✔Use flurorescent marker that only
illuminates when it finds neuron/glia
Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
"surplus" cells die
neurotrophic factors - ✔✔Proteins responsible for growth and survival of neurons during
development and maintaining adult neurons
- "Feed" neurons to help them survive
Neurites - ✔✔Sample environment, chemicals tell cells where to send projections, where to
form synpases, and what types of cells to become
,- Axones and dendrites
growth cone - ✔✔A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. It is the site
where new material is added to the axon.
- grow out in every direction to try to form synapses
Apoptosis is regulated by ________ - ✔✔death genes
Neurons compete for - ✔✔1. Chemicals that target cells make (neurotrophic factors)
-Oxygen
2. Synaptic connections
Neurons with most connections, more support when things go south
-Without enough of both, they die
Need chemicals from environment, and need connections.
Cells exposed to ______ will die - ✔✔Less neurotrophin
When does synaptic remodeling take place? - ✔✔After period of cell death
- Ex: surviving motor neurons retract away axon collaterals until each motor fiber is innervated
by one motor neuron
In the cerebral cortex, there is a _________ of synapses from late childhood until mid-
adolescence, which is evidenced by a ________ of cortical grey matter - ✔✔net loss,
thinning
Pruning in the cerebral cortex proceeds _______ to ______, meaning that the _________
develops last - ✔✔posterior to anterior, pre-frontal cortex
, Synaptogenesis is determined by ________ - ✔✔access to neurotrophin
Too many synapses is associated with ________ - ✔✔intellectual disability
During late childhood/adolescence, amount of grey matter ______ and the amount of white
matter _______ - ✔✔decreases, increases
The synapses that survive are myelinated
Koi fish have _________ around retina of eye - ✔✔zones of regeneration
Zones of regeneration - ✔✔New neurons are created here as fish grows, they migrate and
incorporate into functional circuits
Three things that are good for neurogenesis - ✔✔Running/exercise, social interaction,
learning
Fragile X Syndrome - ✔✔Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive
behavior, produced by fragile site of X chromosome that is prone to breaking
- Cortical neurons possess an excess of small, immatures spines caused by blocking of normal
elimination of synapses after birth
Neurogenesis in rodents occurs in: - ✔✔1) Lateral ventricle, cells migrate to olfactory bulb
2) Dentate gyrus
Neurogenesis in humans occurs in: - ✔✔1) Lateral ventricle, cells migrate to striatum (basal
ganglia, limbic system)
2) Dentate gyrus
- ~1000 new neurons created per day
100% Correct with Verified Answers
At birth, mammals have produced ____ of the neurons they will ever have - ✔✔Most
(neurogenesis can still occur in hippocampus)
Where can neurogenesis occur? - ✔✔Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
Increase in post-natal brain weight is due to: (5 things) - ✔✔Growth of size of neurons,
branching of dendrites, elaboration of synapses, increase in myelin, addition of glial cells
How to determine lineage of neurons? - ✔✔Use GFP which is passed down to daughter cells
How to determine birthdate/age of neuron? - ✔✔Cells actively duplicating (in S phase) will
insert radio-labeled 3H Thymadine or BrDU into DNA, which allows you to see where cells are
being born
How to tell cell type of differentiated neurons? - ✔✔Use flurorescent marker that only
illuminates when it finds neuron/glia
Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
"surplus" cells die
neurotrophic factors - ✔✔Proteins responsible for growth and survival of neurons during
development and maintaining adult neurons
- "Feed" neurons to help them survive
Neurites - ✔✔Sample environment, chemicals tell cells where to send projections, where to
form synpases, and what types of cells to become
,- Axones and dendrites
growth cone - ✔✔A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. It is the site
where new material is added to the axon.
- grow out in every direction to try to form synapses
Apoptosis is regulated by ________ - ✔✔death genes
Neurons compete for - ✔✔1. Chemicals that target cells make (neurotrophic factors)
-Oxygen
2. Synaptic connections
Neurons with most connections, more support when things go south
-Without enough of both, they die
Need chemicals from environment, and need connections.
Cells exposed to ______ will die - ✔✔Less neurotrophin
When does synaptic remodeling take place? - ✔✔After period of cell death
- Ex: surviving motor neurons retract away axon collaterals until each motor fiber is innervated
by one motor neuron
In the cerebral cortex, there is a _________ of synapses from late childhood until mid-
adolescence, which is evidenced by a ________ of cortical grey matter - ✔✔net loss,
thinning
Pruning in the cerebral cortex proceeds _______ to ______, meaning that the _________
develops last - ✔✔posterior to anterior, pre-frontal cortex
, Synaptogenesis is determined by ________ - ✔✔access to neurotrophin
Too many synapses is associated with ________ - ✔✔intellectual disability
During late childhood/adolescence, amount of grey matter ______ and the amount of white
matter _______ - ✔✔decreases, increases
The synapses that survive are myelinated
Koi fish have _________ around retina of eye - ✔✔zones of regeneration
Zones of regeneration - ✔✔New neurons are created here as fish grows, they migrate and
incorporate into functional circuits
Three things that are good for neurogenesis - ✔✔Running/exercise, social interaction,
learning
Fragile X Syndrome - ✔✔Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive
behavior, produced by fragile site of X chromosome that is prone to breaking
- Cortical neurons possess an excess of small, immatures spines caused by blocking of normal
elimination of synapses after birth
Neurogenesis in rodents occurs in: - ✔✔1) Lateral ventricle, cells migrate to olfactory bulb
2) Dentate gyrus
Neurogenesis in humans occurs in: - ✔✔1) Lateral ventricle, cells migrate to striatum (basal
ganglia, limbic system)
2) Dentate gyrus
- ~1000 new neurons created per day
