PHS3300 NEURO FINAL EXAM WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
autonomic nervous system - Answer maintains homeostasis in the body
somatic nervous system - Answer controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
brain is composed of: - Answer brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brainstem - Answer medulla, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon - Answer Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum - Answer basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid function - Answer provides cushion for brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid contains - Answer electrolytes, glucose and protein concentrations
The cerebrospinal fluid flows through - Answer ventricles into subarachnoid space
Why is an increase of fluids in the brain (CSF & blood) bad? - Answer The fluids are not
compressible and the additional mass increases pressure in the brain
Increased intracranial pressure can lead to - Answer brain hemorrhage, trauma,
cerebral edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include - Answer - decreasing level of
consciousness and responsiveness
- decreased pupillary responses
- severe headache
-vomiting
- papilledema (edema of eye fundus: blurred/ loss of vision)
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause headaches? - Answer The pressure
causes stretching of dura and walls of large blood vessels
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause vomiting? - Answer The pressure
stimulates the emetic centers in the medulla
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause papilledema? - Answer The increased
pressure causes the optic disc to swell
Increased ICP can lead to to development of - Answer cerebral ischemia
,Increased ICP systemic vasoconstriction with - Answer increase of systemic blood
pressure to provide more blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
Increased ICP causes baroreceptor response due to - Answer increased blood pressure
by slowing heart rate
Increased ICP causes chemoreceptor responses to - Answer respond to low CO2 levels
by reducing respiratory rate
ICP continues to rise therefore: - Answer blood pressure rises
Pressure of CSF is elevated when - Answer ICP is increased
ICP produces specimen by - Answer lumbar puncture
Pink CSF is an indicator of a - Answer hemorrhage
pink colour is due to erythrocytes
Yellow CSF indicates an - Answer infection
yellow colour is due to white blood cells
Abnormal protein levels in CSF indicates a - Answer neoplasm
(abnormal growth of tissue)
What is the appearance of normal CSF - Answer clear and colorless
What is the normal pressure of CSF? - Answer 9-14 mmHg or 150mm H2O
What is the normal quantity of RBCs and WBCs found in CSF? - Answer RBCS - none/
absent
WBCS - occasional
What is the pH of CSF? - Answer 7.32-7.35
Herniation - Answer movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to
another
Herniations result in - Answer increased pressure which affects flow of blood and CSF
Types of herniations: - Answer -Transtentorial
-Uncal
-Infratentorial
Space occupying lesions (SOL) are a problem because - Answer the CNS is contained
with a rigid protective space which does not expand
, Increased ICP compresses - Answer tissues
Which tissue is the most vulnerable to increased intracranial pressure? - Answer
capillaries which get blocked and then no longer supply the neurons nutrients and
oxygen
ICP displaces brain tissues causing it to - Answer herniate or get squeezed
Causes of SOL: - Answer intracranial hemorrhage, increased CSF, edema, intracranial
abscess and tumors
unequal pupil sizes indicate SOL because - Answer unequal compression of the neurons
involved int he pupillary light reflex.
Tumors increase - Answer ICP
The most common type of tumors - Answer astrocytoma (graded from type I to type IV)
Which types of tumors are common in young children? - Answer brainstem and
cerebellar
Glioma form the largest category of - Answer primary malignant tumors
Which tumors is common in adults? - Answer Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma forms in - Answer cerebral white matter
Glioblastoma is infiltrative meaning - Answer it invades into normal brain tissues and it's
difficult for surgical resection
survival rate of glioblastoma: - Answer 16-18 months
Current brain tumor treatments: - Answer - Angiogenesis inhibitors (target messenger
EGF and BEV)
- Emergence of tumor tumor treatment fields ( alternating electrical fields to disrupt
tumor cell division)
-Harnessing the immune system (neutralize tumor defense weapons)
The brains uses _____ % of cardiac output at rest - Answer 20
The blood brain barrier is formed by - Answer capillaries via tight junctions between
endothelial cells
The blood brain barrier prevents - Answer free exchange between the blood and the
extracellular space of brain tissues
The arterial circuit is formed by - Answer The circle of Willis
The arterial circuit compensates for - Answer blockage of the internal carotid artery
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
autonomic nervous system - Answer maintains homeostasis in the body
somatic nervous system - Answer controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
brain is composed of: - Answer brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brainstem - Answer medulla, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon - Answer Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum - Answer basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid function - Answer provides cushion for brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid contains - Answer electrolytes, glucose and protein concentrations
The cerebrospinal fluid flows through - Answer ventricles into subarachnoid space
Why is an increase of fluids in the brain (CSF & blood) bad? - Answer The fluids are not
compressible and the additional mass increases pressure in the brain
Increased intracranial pressure can lead to - Answer brain hemorrhage, trauma,
cerebral edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include - Answer - decreasing level of
consciousness and responsiveness
- decreased pupillary responses
- severe headache
-vomiting
- papilledema (edema of eye fundus: blurred/ loss of vision)
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause headaches? - Answer The pressure
causes stretching of dura and walls of large blood vessels
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause vomiting? - Answer The pressure
stimulates the emetic centers in the medulla
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause papilledema? - Answer The increased
pressure causes the optic disc to swell
Increased ICP can lead to to development of - Answer cerebral ischemia
,Increased ICP systemic vasoconstriction with - Answer increase of systemic blood
pressure to provide more blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
Increased ICP causes baroreceptor response due to - Answer increased blood pressure
by slowing heart rate
Increased ICP causes chemoreceptor responses to - Answer respond to low CO2 levels
by reducing respiratory rate
ICP continues to rise therefore: - Answer blood pressure rises
Pressure of CSF is elevated when - Answer ICP is increased
ICP produces specimen by - Answer lumbar puncture
Pink CSF is an indicator of a - Answer hemorrhage
pink colour is due to erythrocytes
Yellow CSF indicates an - Answer infection
yellow colour is due to white blood cells
Abnormal protein levels in CSF indicates a - Answer neoplasm
(abnormal growth of tissue)
What is the appearance of normal CSF - Answer clear and colorless
What is the normal pressure of CSF? - Answer 9-14 mmHg or 150mm H2O
What is the normal quantity of RBCs and WBCs found in CSF? - Answer RBCS - none/
absent
WBCS - occasional
What is the pH of CSF? - Answer 7.32-7.35
Herniation - Answer movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to
another
Herniations result in - Answer increased pressure which affects flow of blood and CSF
Types of herniations: - Answer -Transtentorial
-Uncal
-Infratentorial
Space occupying lesions (SOL) are a problem because - Answer the CNS is contained
with a rigid protective space which does not expand
, Increased ICP compresses - Answer tissues
Which tissue is the most vulnerable to increased intracranial pressure? - Answer
capillaries which get blocked and then no longer supply the neurons nutrients and
oxygen
ICP displaces brain tissues causing it to - Answer herniate or get squeezed
Causes of SOL: - Answer intracranial hemorrhage, increased CSF, edema, intracranial
abscess and tumors
unequal pupil sizes indicate SOL because - Answer unequal compression of the neurons
involved int he pupillary light reflex.
Tumors increase - Answer ICP
The most common type of tumors - Answer astrocytoma (graded from type I to type IV)
Which types of tumors are common in young children? - Answer brainstem and
cerebellar
Glioma form the largest category of - Answer primary malignant tumors
Which tumors is common in adults? - Answer Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma forms in - Answer cerebral white matter
Glioblastoma is infiltrative meaning - Answer it invades into normal brain tissues and it's
difficult for surgical resection
survival rate of glioblastoma: - Answer 16-18 months
Current brain tumor treatments: - Answer - Angiogenesis inhibitors (target messenger
EGF and BEV)
- Emergence of tumor tumor treatment fields ( alternating electrical fields to disrupt
tumor cell division)
-Harnessing the immune system (neutralize tumor defense weapons)
The brains uses _____ % of cardiac output at rest - Answer 20
The blood brain barrier is formed by - Answer capillaries via tight junctions between
endothelial cells
The blood brain barrier prevents - Answer free exchange between the blood and the
extracellular space of brain tissues
The arterial circuit is formed by - Answer The circle of Willis
The arterial circuit compensates for - Answer blockage of the internal carotid artery
