EAPS 66 Exam 1 Study Guide
How conduction, convection, and radiation transfer heat - ✔ ✔ *Convection:
Heat transfer through fluid motions of liquids and gases, as well as solids that flow
like a fluid.
*Conduction: Heat transfer through a solid through the spread of vibrations on
the atomic scale.
*Radiation: heat transfer through electro - magnetic waves (light) through a
transparent (clear) medium.
How Earth's magnetic poles are not at the geographic poles and are mislabeled -
✔ ✔ *Do not confuse Earth's geographic poles (along Earth's spin axis) with its
magnetic poles, which occur in the general vicinity.
*Basically, Earth's geographic north pole is actually located near Earth's magnetic
South pole and it's geographic south pole is actually located near it's North
magnetic pole (Correct me if I'm wrong)!!!!
*Also the poles are always wandering and the magnetic field is always shifting in
strength because though convection in the outer core is organized by the spinning
of the Earth, it remains a chaotic process.
How earthquakes are triggered - ✔ ✔ *triggered when very slight stress
increases push an already highly-stressed fault passed a threshold (the straw that
breaks the camel's back).
How long after surface waves arrive poorly constructed buildings generally
collapse - ✔ ✔ *Once surface waves arrive, poorly constructed buildings
generally collapse within a few seconds.
How loose, unconsolidated sediments influence earthquake shaking - ✔ ✔
*Unconsolidated rocks or sediments amplify earthquake shaking
, How often large earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault - ✔ ✔ *About
every 150 years (1906 was the last big one, before that 1857, before that 1680)
How plate tectonics may have influenced the evolution of whales and dolphins -
✔ ✔ *The evolution of dolphins and whales from land animals appears tied to
the shallowing of the Tethys Sea when India first collided into Asia.
How to respond during an earthquake - ✔ ✔ *If indoors (but not in a third-
world country)
*Stay indoors, drop to the ground; take cover under a table.
*Stay away from glass and anything that could fall.
*Use a doorway for shelter only if you know it is a strongly supported, load
bearing doorway
*DO NOT use the elevators
*If indoors (in a third-world country)
*Get out of the building as fast as possible.
*If outdoors
*Stay outdoors, move away from buildings.
How we infer the buildup of stress on a fault - ✔ ✔ *We can observe the
buildup of stress on faults using very precise GPS instruments.
How we know that the outer core of the Earth is liquid - ✔ ✔ *Beno
Gutenberg in 1913 discovered the Earth's outer core was liquid from S-wave
shadow zones
*The refraction of P-waves as they crossed over to the inner core shows us that
the inner core is solid
How conduction, convection, and radiation transfer heat - ✔ ✔ *Convection:
Heat transfer through fluid motions of liquids and gases, as well as solids that flow
like a fluid.
*Conduction: Heat transfer through a solid through the spread of vibrations on
the atomic scale.
*Radiation: heat transfer through electro - magnetic waves (light) through a
transparent (clear) medium.
How Earth's magnetic poles are not at the geographic poles and are mislabeled -
✔ ✔ *Do not confuse Earth's geographic poles (along Earth's spin axis) with its
magnetic poles, which occur in the general vicinity.
*Basically, Earth's geographic north pole is actually located near Earth's magnetic
South pole and it's geographic south pole is actually located near it's North
magnetic pole (Correct me if I'm wrong)!!!!
*Also the poles are always wandering and the magnetic field is always shifting in
strength because though convection in the outer core is organized by the spinning
of the Earth, it remains a chaotic process.
How earthquakes are triggered - ✔ ✔ *triggered when very slight stress
increases push an already highly-stressed fault passed a threshold (the straw that
breaks the camel's back).
How long after surface waves arrive poorly constructed buildings generally
collapse - ✔ ✔ *Once surface waves arrive, poorly constructed buildings
generally collapse within a few seconds.
How loose, unconsolidated sediments influence earthquake shaking - ✔ ✔
*Unconsolidated rocks or sediments amplify earthquake shaking
, How often large earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault - ✔ ✔ *About
every 150 years (1906 was the last big one, before that 1857, before that 1680)
How plate tectonics may have influenced the evolution of whales and dolphins -
✔ ✔ *The evolution of dolphins and whales from land animals appears tied to
the shallowing of the Tethys Sea when India first collided into Asia.
How to respond during an earthquake - ✔ ✔ *If indoors (but not in a third-
world country)
*Stay indoors, drop to the ground; take cover under a table.
*Stay away from glass and anything that could fall.
*Use a doorway for shelter only if you know it is a strongly supported, load
bearing doorway
*DO NOT use the elevators
*If indoors (in a third-world country)
*Get out of the building as fast as possible.
*If outdoors
*Stay outdoors, move away from buildings.
How we infer the buildup of stress on a fault - ✔ ✔ *We can observe the
buildup of stress on faults using very precise GPS instruments.
How we know that the outer core of the Earth is liquid - ✔ ✔ *Beno
Gutenberg in 1913 discovered the Earth's outer core was liquid from S-wave
shadow zones
*The refraction of P-waves as they crossed over to the inner core shows us that
the inner core is solid
