Key Concepts in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN Key Concepts in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review Questions with answers already graded! Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides? A) Amylase B) Peptidase C) Lactase D) Trypsin - Answer D In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure? A) Pancreas B) Liver C) Small intestine D) Spleen - Answer B Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract? A) Sympathetic nervous system B) Vagus nerve C) Increased saliva D) Absence of food in the system - Answer B Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions? A) Bicarbonate ion B) Hydrochloric acid C) Activated digestive enzymes D) Insulin - Answer A Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid? A) Parietal cells B) Chief cells C) Mucous cells D) Gastrin cells - Answer A Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? A) Stomach B) Duodenum C) Ileum D) Ascending colon - Answer C When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content? A) Gastrin B) Secretin C) Cholecystokinin D) Histamine - Answer B Yellow or greenish stained vomitus usually indicates the presence of: A) bile. B) blood. C) protein. D) bacteria. - Answer A Small, hidden amounts of blood in stool are referred to as: A) melena. B) occult blood. C) frank blood. D) hematemesis. - Answer B Severe vomiting can lead to metabolic acidosis because of increased: A) ketones produced. B) CO2 retained in the lungs and kidneys. C) hypovolemia and lactic acid production. D) metabolic rate. - Answer C What is the definition of dysphagia? A) A herniation of the gastric mucosa through a segment of weakened muscle B) Recurrent reflux of chyme into the esophagus C) Absence of a connection of the esophagus to the stomach D) Difficulty in swallowing - Answer D The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity but inhibits gastric activity through the: A) defecation reflex. B) enterogastric reflex. C) vomiting reflex. D) autodigestive reflex. - Answer B Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal? A) Lipolysis B) Ketogenesis C) Gluconeogenesis D) Glycogenesis - Answer D Which of the following statements applies to bile salts? A) They give feces the characteristic brown color. B) They are enzymes used to break down fats into free fatty acids. C) They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. D) They are excreted in the feces. - Answer C The visceral peritoneum: A) lines the abdominal wall. B) hangs from the stomach over the loops of small intestine. C) contains many pain receptors. D) forms the outer covering of the stomach. - Answer D The early stage of vomiting causes: A) metabolic alkalosis. B) metabolic acidosis. C) increased respirations. D) increased excretion of hydrogen ions. - Answer A What is a common cause of hiatal hernia? A) An abnormally long esophagus B) Increased intra-abdominal pressure C) Stenosis of the hiatus in the diaphragm D) A small fundus in the stomach - Answer B