©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
MDC 2 EXAM 1 Questions And Answers
100% Pass.
Benign cells - answer✔Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - answer✔o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - answer✔healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - answer✔o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - answer✔indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result
in death
Malignant cell features - answer✔o Large nucleus
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - answer✔o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - answer✔o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - answer✔Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - answer✔Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - answer✔Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - answer✔Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - answer✔cancer development
Cancer classification - answer✔o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - answer✔Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer
cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - answer✔Number of chromosomes
Staging - answer✔How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - answer✔o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - answer✔Period of time required for that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - answer✔o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - answer✔o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - answer✔People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - answer✔carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - answer✔malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - answer✔malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - answer✔pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - answer✔malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - answer✔white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - answer✔malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
MDC 2 EXAM 1 Questions And Answers
100% Pass.
Benign cells - answer✔Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - answer✔o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - answer✔healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - answer✔o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - answer✔indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result
in death
Malignant cell features - answer✔o Large nucleus
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - answer✔o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - answer✔o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - answer✔Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - answer✔Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - answer✔Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - answer✔Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - answer✔cancer development
Cancer classification - answer✔o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - answer✔Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer
cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - answer✔Number of chromosomes
Staging - answer✔How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - answer✔o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - answer✔Period of time required for that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - answer✔o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - answer✔o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - answer✔People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/22/2024 12:14 PM
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - answer✔carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - answer✔malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - answer✔malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - answer✔pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - answer✔malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - answer✔white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - answer✔malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - answer✔o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
