LECTURES.................................................................................3
Lecture 1. Introduction...................................................................................3
Lecture 2. Immunology refresher....................................................................5
Lecture 3. Infectious diseases control.............................................................6
Lecture 4. The Dutch National Immunisation Programme (NIP).......................12
Lecture 5. Pandemic preparedness and Influenza...........................................15
Lecture 6. Transfusion safety and blood-borne infections (BBIs).....................18
Lecture 7. Vector borne disease: Malaria.......................................................21
Lecture 8. Leishmaniasis Control...................................................................25
Lecture 9. A global health perspective on AntiMicrobial Resistance (AMR)......30
Lecture 10. KNCV: Tuberculosis Control.........................................................34
Lecture 11. Cost effectiveness and control strategies....................................36
Lecture 12: HIV and AIDS in different context & implications for combination
prevention................................................................................................... 38
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE...................40
Chapter 1 – Elements of Communicable Diseases...........................................40
Chapter 2 – Communicable Disease Theory....................................................43
Chapter 3 – Control Principles and Methods...................................................46
Chapter 4 – Control Strategy and Organization..............................................50
Chapter 5 – Notification and Health regulations.............................................54
Chapter 6 – Classification of Communicable Diseases.....................................55
Infectious diseases.......................................................................................56
Chlamydia .................................................................................................................... 56
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)........................................................................................56
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)...........................................................................57
Hepatitis B..................................................................................................................... 58
Hepatitis C..................................................................................................................... 58
Schistosomiasis............................................................................................................. 59
Measles......................................................................................................................... 60
Menigococcol Menigitis.................................................................................................. 61
Leprosy.......................................................................................................................... 62
Chaga’s......................................................................................................................... 64
Tuberculosis................................................................................................................... 65
Cholera.......................................................................................................................... 66
Ebola............................................................................................................................. 69
Dengue.......................................................................................................................... 70
Yellow Fever................................................................................................................... 71
, Malaria.......................................................................................................................... 72
Leishmaniasis................................................................................................................ 74
Lyme Disease (borreliosis)............................................................................................. 75
Rabies........................................................................................................................... 75
Influenza........................................................................................................................ 76
Diphtheria..................................................................................................................... 77
Trachoma....................................................................................................................... 78
Poliomyelitis.................................................................................................................. 78
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI).................................................................................79
Whooping Cough / Pertussis.......................................................................................... 80
All new and emerging diseases.....................................................................................81
JENKINS CHAPTER 2.................................................................86
,Lectures
Lecture 1. Introduction
Quarantine: suspect when you have the disease.
Isolation: when we know you have the disease.
Spanish flew: quarantine helped a little.
Vaccination is the most effective to control infectious diseases. In 1953 the Dutch
vaccination program started.
HIV: during this epidemic a lot of new interventions appeared to reduce stigma,
stimulate women empowerment etc. Symbolic for social interventions that
emerged such as self-help groups, behaviour change programs and global fund.
Evidence-informed decision making open to evidence, also the ones that can’t be
compared to each other. You must put the pieces together. Make a decision based
on different studies.
Evidence-based medicine: based upon evidence of RCT most of the time,
narrow view.
Epistemological justice: knowledge justice. Which knowledge do we find
relative? How do we value within the field of infectious diseases knowledge about
dialogues and quantitative studies? It has to do with the knowledge that we find
relative.
How to control the infectious disease!
Primary prevention: don’t get the disease at al.
Secondary prevention: active case finding, bevolkingsonderzoek kanker.
Tertiary prevention: prevent it from getting worse.
Epidemiological triangle
Helps to understand the occurrence of an infectious disease. To unravel all the
causes and how can you intervene in an infectious disease and develop a
solution. There is interaction between the three components. If you do not have
an agent, host of environment it will not spread.
The occurrence of in infectious disease is the interaction between the agent
(cause), the host (person who gets sick), and the environment.
- Agent: cause of the disease.
o What is the transmissibility of the disease. How easy can the disease
spread from one to another.
o Pathogenicity/virulence of the disease. To what extend can it cause
disease or death.
- Host: susceptibility, why is a certain host susceptible. This is due to
biology and behaviour.
o Biological factors: genetic profile, immunity,
, o Behavioural: engage risky behaviour, sexual behaviour, product of
attitude and knowledge of people. A nurse is for example also more
at risk, because their job makes them preform a certain behaviour.
- Environment: favourable
o Socio-economic factors: health care system
o Physical factors: economic transport
o Ideological/cultural factors: what are practices around burials
- Vector: some diseases are transmitted through a vector. What elements of
the vector are relevant for transmitting a disease. This can be biological
(mosquito) , or mechanical (needle).
The socio-ecological model helps to identify the occurrence of infectious diseases,
what causes infectious diseases.
The second reason why the epidemiological triangle is used, is to understand how
all these causes can be changed, to intervene. Basic strategies to intervene are:
- Change/kill the agent
- Raise host resistance vaccination, change attitude, improve knowledge
- Modify the environment, by removing mosquito breeding places
- Sperate agent form host/interrupt transmission. Make sure a disease does
not go from an infected to a non-infected individual. Such as isolation or
bed nets.
Lecture 1. Introduction...................................................................................3
Lecture 2. Immunology refresher....................................................................5
Lecture 3. Infectious diseases control.............................................................6
Lecture 4. The Dutch National Immunisation Programme (NIP).......................12
Lecture 5. Pandemic preparedness and Influenza...........................................15
Lecture 6. Transfusion safety and blood-borne infections (BBIs).....................18
Lecture 7. Vector borne disease: Malaria.......................................................21
Lecture 8. Leishmaniasis Control...................................................................25
Lecture 9. A global health perspective on AntiMicrobial Resistance (AMR)......30
Lecture 10. KNCV: Tuberculosis Control.........................................................34
Lecture 11. Cost effectiveness and control strategies....................................36
Lecture 12: HIV and AIDS in different context & implications for combination
prevention................................................................................................... 38
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE...................40
Chapter 1 – Elements of Communicable Diseases...........................................40
Chapter 2 – Communicable Disease Theory....................................................43
Chapter 3 – Control Principles and Methods...................................................46
Chapter 4 – Control Strategy and Organization..............................................50
Chapter 5 – Notification and Health regulations.............................................54
Chapter 6 – Classification of Communicable Diseases.....................................55
Infectious diseases.......................................................................................56
Chlamydia .................................................................................................................... 56
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)........................................................................................56
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)...........................................................................57
Hepatitis B..................................................................................................................... 58
Hepatitis C..................................................................................................................... 58
Schistosomiasis............................................................................................................. 59
Measles......................................................................................................................... 60
Menigococcol Menigitis.................................................................................................. 61
Leprosy.......................................................................................................................... 62
Chaga’s......................................................................................................................... 64
Tuberculosis................................................................................................................... 65
Cholera.......................................................................................................................... 66
Ebola............................................................................................................................. 69
Dengue.......................................................................................................................... 70
Yellow Fever................................................................................................................... 71
, Malaria.......................................................................................................................... 72
Leishmaniasis................................................................................................................ 74
Lyme Disease (borreliosis)............................................................................................. 75
Rabies........................................................................................................................... 75
Influenza........................................................................................................................ 76
Diphtheria..................................................................................................................... 77
Trachoma....................................................................................................................... 78
Poliomyelitis.................................................................................................................. 78
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI).................................................................................79
Whooping Cough / Pertussis.......................................................................................... 80
All new and emerging diseases.....................................................................................81
JENKINS CHAPTER 2.................................................................86
,Lectures
Lecture 1. Introduction
Quarantine: suspect when you have the disease.
Isolation: when we know you have the disease.
Spanish flew: quarantine helped a little.
Vaccination is the most effective to control infectious diseases. In 1953 the Dutch
vaccination program started.
HIV: during this epidemic a lot of new interventions appeared to reduce stigma,
stimulate women empowerment etc. Symbolic for social interventions that
emerged such as self-help groups, behaviour change programs and global fund.
Evidence-informed decision making open to evidence, also the ones that can’t be
compared to each other. You must put the pieces together. Make a decision based
on different studies.
Evidence-based medicine: based upon evidence of RCT most of the time,
narrow view.
Epistemological justice: knowledge justice. Which knowledge do we find
relative? How do we value within the field of infectious diseases knowledge about
dialogues and quantitative studies? It has to do with the knowledge that we find
relative.
How to control the infectious disease!
Primary prevention: don’t get the disease at al.
Secondary prevention: active case finding, bevolkingsonderzoek kanker.
Tertiary prevention: prevent it from getting worse.
Epidemiological triangle
Helps to understand the occurrence of an infectious disease. To unravel all the
causes and how can you intervene in an infectious disease and develop a
solution. There is interaction between the three components. If you do not have
an agent, host of environment it will not spread.
The occurrence of in infectious disease is the interaction between the agent
(cause), the host (person who gets sick), and the environment.
- Agent: cause of the disease.
o What is the transmissibility of the disease. How easy can the disease
spread from one to another.
o Pathogenicity/virulence of the disease. To what extend can it cause
disease or death.
- Host: susceptibility, why is a certain host susceptible. This is due to
biology and behaviour.
o Biological factors: genetic profile, immunity,
, o Behavioural: engage risky behaviour, sexual behaviour, product of
attitude and knowledge of people. A nurse is for example also more
at risk, because their job makes them preform a certain behaviour.
- Environment: favourable
o Socio-economic factors: health care system
o Physical factors: economic transport
o Ideological/cultural factors: what are practices around burials
- Vector: some diseases are transmitted through a vector. What elements of
the vector are relevant for transmitting a disease. This can be biological
(mosquito) , or mechanical (needle).
The socio-ecological model helps to identify the occurrence of infectious diseases,
what causes infectious diseases.
The second reason why the epidemiological triangle is used, is to understand how
all these causes can be changed, to intervene. Basic strategies to intervene are:
- Change/kill the agent
- Raise host resistance vaccination, change attitude, improve knowledge
- Modify the environment, by removing mosquito breeding places
- Sperate agent form host/interrupt transmission. Make sure a disease does
not go from an infected to a non-infected individual. Such as isolation or
bed nets.
