PSYC 305 EXAM 3 || A VERIFIED A+ PASS.
context- dependent learning correct answers A pattern of data in which materials learned in one
setting are well remembered when the person returns to that setting, but are less well
remembered in other settings.
context reinstatement correct answers A procedure in which a person is led to the same mental
and emotional state he or she was in during a previous event; context reinstatement can often
promote accurate recollection of that event.
encoding specificity correct answers The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both
the materials to be learned and also some amount of the context of those materials. As a result,
these materials will be recognized as familiar, later on, only if the materials appear again in a
similar context.
nodes correct answers a individual unit within an associative network. In a scheme using local
representations, nodes represent single ideas or concepts. In a scheme using distributed
representations, ideas or concepts. In a scheme using distributed representations, ideas or
concepts are represented by a pattern of activation across a wide number of nodes; the same
nodes may also participate in other patterns and therefore in other representations.
association or associative links correct answers Functional connections that are hypothesized to
link nodes within a mental network or detectors within a detector network; these associations are
often hypothesized as the "carriers" of activation from one node or detector to the next.
subthreshold activation correct answers Activation levels below response threshold.
Subthreshold activation, by definition, will not trigger a response; nonetheless, this activation is
important because it can accumulate, leading eventually to an activation level that exceeds the
response threshold.
summation correct answers The addition of two or more separate inputs so that the effect of the
combined inputs is greater than the effect of any one input by itself.
spreading activation correct answers A process through which activation travels from one node
to another, via associative links. As each node becomes activated, it serves as a source for further
activation, spreading onward through the network.
lexical-decision task correct answers A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and
must indicate, as quickly as possible, whether or not each string of letters is a word in English. It
is supposed that people perform this task by "looking up" these strings in their "mental
dictionary."
semantic priming correct answers A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes
activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.
, recall correct answers the task of memory retrieval in which the rememberer must come up with
the desired materials, sometimes in response to a cue names the context in which these materials
were earlier encountered (e.g., "Name the pictures you saw earlier"), and sometimes in response
to a cue that broadly identifies the sought-after information (e.g. "Name a fruit" or "what is the
capital of California?"). Often contrasted with recognition.
recognition correct answers the task of memory retrieval in which the items to be remembered
are presented and the person must decide whether or not the item was encountered in some
earlier circumstance. For example, one might be asked, "Have you ever seen this person before?"
or "Is this the poster you saw in the office yesterday?" Often contrasted with recall.
familiarity correct answers In some circumstances, the subjective feeling that one has
encountered a stimulus before; in other circumstances, the objective fact that one has indeed
encountered a stimulus before and is now in some way influenced by that encounter, whether or
not one recalls that encounter or feels that the stimulus is familiar.
source memory correct answers a form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode
in which learning took place or the time and place in which a particular stimulus was
encountered
attribution correct answers the step of explaining a feeling or event, usually by identifying the
factors (or an earlier event) that are the cause of the current feeling or event. This term is often
elaborated with the more specific term "causal attribution."
remember/know distinction correct answers A distinction between two experiences a person can
have in recalling a past event. If you "remember" having encountered a stimulus before, then you
usually can offer information about that encounter, including when, where, and how it occurred.
If you merely "know" that you encountered a stimulus before, then you are likely to have a sense
of familiarity with the stimulus but may have no idea when or where the stimulus was last
encountered.
word-stem completion correct answers A task in which research participants are given the
beginning of a word (e.g., "TOM") and must provide a word that starts with the letters provided.
In some versions of the task, only one solution is possible, so performance is measured by
counting the number of words completed. In other versions of the task, several solutions are
possible for each stem, and performance is assessed by determining which responses fulfill some
other criterion.
explicit memories correct answers A memory revealed by direct memory testing and typically
accompanied by the conviction that one is, in fact, remembering—that is, drawing on some sort
of knowledge (perhaps knowledge about a specific prior episode, or perhaps more general
knowledge). Often contrasted with implicit memory.
direct memory testing correct answers A form of memory testing in which people are asked
explicitly to remember some previous event. Recall and standard recognition testing are both
context- dependent learning correct answers A pattern of data in which materials learned in one
setting are well remembered when the person returns to that setting, but are less well
remembered in other settings.
context reinstatement correct answers A procedure in which a person is led to the same mental
and emotional state he or she was in during a previous event; context reinstatement can often
promote accurate recollection of that event.
encoding specificity correct answers The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both
the materials to be learned and also some amount of the context of those materials. As a result,
these materials will be recognized as familiar, later on, only if the materials appear again in a
similar context.
nodes correct answers a individual unit within an associative network. In a scheme using local
representations, nodes represent single ideas or concepts. In a scheme using distributed
representations, ideas or concepts. In a scheme using distributed representations, ideas or
concepts are represented by a pattern of activation across a wide number of nodes; the same
nodes may also participate in other patterns and therefore in other representations.
association or associative links correct answers Functional connections that are hypothesized to
link nodes within a mental network or detectors within a detector network; these associations are
often hypothesized as the "carriers" of activation from one node or detector to the next.
subthreshold activation correct answers Activation levels below response threshold.
Subthreshold activation, by definition, will not trigger a response; nonetheless, this activation is
important because it can accumulate, leading eventually to an activation level that exceeds the
response threshold.
summation correct answers The addition of two or more separate inputs so that the effect of the
combined inputs is greater than the effect of any one input by itself.
spreading activation correct answers A process through which activation travels from one node
to another, via associative links. As each node becomes activated, it serves as a source for further
activation, spreading onward through the network.
lexical-decision task correct answers A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and
must indicate, as quickly as possible, whether or not each string of letters is a word in English. It
is supposed that people perform this task by "looking up" these strings in their "mental
dictionary."
semantic priming correct answers A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes
activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.
, recall correct answers the task of memory retrieval in which the rememberer must come up with
the desired materials, sometimes in response to a cue names the context in which these materials
were earlier encountered (e.g., "Name the pictures you saw earlier"), and sometimes in response
to a cue that broadly identifies the sought-after information (e.g. "Name a fruit" or "what is the
capital of California?"). Often contrasted with recognition.
recognition correct answers the task of memory retrieval in which the items to be remembered
are presented and the person must decide whether or not the item was encountered in some
earlier circumstance. For example, one might be asked, "Have you ever seen this person before?"
or "Is this the poster you saw in the office yesterday?" Often contrasted with recall.
familiarity correct answers In some circumstances, the subjective feeling that one has
encountered a stimulus before; in other circumstances, the objective fact that one has indeed
encountered a stimulus before and is now in some way influenced by that encounter, whether or
not one recalls that encounter or feels that the stimulus is familiar.
source memory correct answers a form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode
in which learning took place or the time and place in which a particular stimulus was
encountered
attribution correct answers the step of explaining a feeling or event, usually by identifying the
factors (or an earlier event) that are the cause of the current feeling or event. This term is often
elaborated with the more specific term "causal attribution."
remember/know distinction correct answers A distinction between two experiences a person can
have in recalling a past event. If you "remember" having encountered a stimulus before, then you
usually can offer information about that encounter, including when, where, and how it occurred.
If you merely "know" that you encountered a stimulus before, then you are likely to have a sense
of familiarity with the stimulus but may have no idea when or where the stimulus was last
encountered.
word-stem completion correct answers A task in which research participants are given the
beginning of a word (e.g., "TOM") and must provide a word that starts with the letters provided.
In some versions of the task, only one solution is possible, so performance is measured by
counting the number of words completed. In other versions of the task, several solutions are
possible for each stem, and performance is assessed by determining which responses fulfill some
other criterion.
explicit memories correct answers A memory revealed by direct memory testing and typically
accompanied by the conviction that one is, in fact, remembering—that is, drawing on some sort
of knowledge (perhaps knowledge about a specific prior episode, or perhaps more general
knowledge). Often contrasted with implicit memory.
direct memory testing correct answers A form of memory testing in which people are asked
explicitly to remember some previous event. Recall and standard recognition testing are both
