NU 116 EXAM II STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Three layers of the heart - ANSWER epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Four chambers of the heart - ANSWER right atrium, right ventricle, left
atrium, left ventricle
atrioventricular valves - ANSWER between atria and ventricles
tricuspid and mitral
semilunar valves - ANSWER aortic and pulmonic
coronary arteries - ANSWER supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
Coronary Conduction System - ANSWER how the heart
pumps//electrophysiology
cardiac hemodynamics - ANSWER describes the pumping forces or pressures
required by the heart to maintain blood flow throughout the cardiovascular
system
systolic pressure - ANSWER Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction
of the ventricles.
diastolic pressure - ANSWER occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the
lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
Arterioles - ANSWER small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
Venules - ANSWER small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into
the veins
,SA node - ANSWER pacemaker of the heart
AV node - ANSWER relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles
Bundle of His - ANSWER a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits
the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing
them to contract
bundle branches - ANSWER branches of the AV bundle that divide to the
right and left sides of the interventricular septum
purkinje fibers - ANSWER fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to
the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
characteristics of veins - ANSWER Thin walled, highly distensible, contain
valves, deep, superficial & perforating have 1 way valves
characteristics of arteries - ANSWER high pressure, narrow lumen, thick
elastic muscular walls, blood away from the heart
What is the correct electrical pathway through the heart? - ANSWER SA node,
AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches (right & left), purkinje fibers
Contractility of the heart - ANSWER rate and strength of contraction, the
ability of cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse
what causes increased heart contractility - ANSWER - catecholamines
(norepinephrine, atropine)
- increase in SNS (fight or flight)
- certain meds
an increased contractility results in an increased ____________ - ANSWER stroke
volume
,stroke volume (SV) - ANSWER The amount of blood ejected from the heart in
one contraction.
what causes decreased contractility? - ANSWER - hypoxemia: low blood
oxygen
- acidosis
- certain medication (dijoxin- slows heart rate and strengthens muscle)
how does blood loss affect contractility? - ANSWER the body compensates
for volume loss by increasing heart rate and contractility
what is a cardiac cycle - ANSWER the events that occur in the heart from the
beginnig of one heartbeat to the next
the number of cardiac cycles depends on the ________ - ANSWER heart rate
each cardiac cycle has what threee major sequential events? - ANSWER -
diastole: heart is at rest between contractions
- atrial systole: the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
- ventricular systole: the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the aorta &
pulmonary trunk
period of diastole` - ANSWER heart is at rest between contraction
atrial systole - ANSWER the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
ventricular systole - ANSWER the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the
aorta & pulmonary trunk
isovolumetric contraction - ANSWER 2nd phase of cardiac cycle; all valves are
closed, ventricles are full and pressure rises inside the ventricle. When
, ventricular pressure is greater than Aortic/Pulmonary trunk pressure (~80
mmHg), the SLV valves will open.
how much blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric contraction? -
ANSWER 130 mL
ventricular ejection - ANSWER 3rd phase; SL valves open, blood leaves the
ventricles rapidly at first, the aorta reaches peak systole/contraction pressure
of 80mmHg.
How much blood is left in the ventricle following ventricular ejection? -
ANSWER ~60 mL
stroke volume definition - ANSWER the amount (mL) of blood pumped
during one heart beat
stroke volume formula - ANSWER SV = EDV - ESV
How much blood is pumped during ventricular ejection? - ANSWER ~70 mL
isovolumetric relaxation - ANSWER 4th phase; ventricles relax/no more signal
to contract. All four valves close again, ventricular pressure decreases. When
the pressure of the ventricles is lower than the pressure in the atria, AV
valves open
Name and number of each cardiac phase - ANSWER 1. Atrial
Systole/Contraction
2. Isovolumetric Contraction
3. Ventricular Ejection
4. Isovolumetric Relaxation
5. Ventricular Filling
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Three layers of the heart - ANSWER epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Four chambers of the heart - ANSWER right atrium, right ventricle, left
atrium, left ventricle
atrioventricular valves - ANSWER between atria and ventricles
tricuspid and mitral
semilunar valves - ANSWER aortic and pulmonic
coronary arteries - ANSWER supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
Coronary Conduction System - ANSWER how the heart
pumps//electrophysiology
cardiac hemodynamics - ANSWER describes the pumping forces or pressures
required by the heart to maintain blood flow throughout the cardiovascular
system
systolic pressure - ANSWER Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction
of the ventricles.
diastolic pressure - ANSWER occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the
lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
Arterioles - ANSWER small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
Venules - ANSWER small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into
the veins
,SA node - ANSWER pacemaker of the heart
AV node - ANSWER relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles
Bundle of His - ANSWER a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits
the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing
them to contract
bundle branches - ANSWER branches of the AV bundle that divide to the
right and left sides of the interventricular septum
purkinje fibers - ANSWER fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to
the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
characteristics of veins - ANSWER Thin walled, highly distensible, contain
valves, deep, superficial & perforating have 1 way valves
characteristics of arteries - ANSWER high pressure, narrow lumen, thick
elastic muscular walls, blood away from the heart
What is the correct electrical pathway through the heart? - ANSWER SA node,
AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches (right & left), purkinje fibers
Contractility of the heart - ANSWER rate and strength of contraction, the
ability of cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse
what causes increased heart contractility - ANSWER - catecholamines
(norepinephrine, atropine)
- increase in SNS (fight or flight)
- certain meds
an increased contractility results in an increased ____________ - ANSWER stroke
volume
,stroke volume (SV) - ANSWER The amount of blood ejected from the heart in
one contraction.
what causes decreased contractility? - ANSWER - hypoxemia: low blood
oxygen
- acidosis
- certain medication (dijoxin- slows heart rate and strengthens muscle)
how does blood loss affect contractility? - ANSWER the body compensates
for volume loss by increasing heart rate and contractility
what is a cardiac cycle - ANSWER the events that occur in the heart from the
beginnig of one heartbeat to the next
the number of cardiac cycles depends on the ________ - ANSWER heart rate
each cardiac cycle has what threee major sequential events? - ANSWER -
diastole: heart is at rest between contractions
- atrial systole: the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
- ventricular systole: the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the aorta &
pulmonary trunk
period of diastole` - ANSWER heart is at rest between contraction
atrial systole - ANSWER the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
ventricular systole - ANSWER the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the
aorta & pulmonary trunk
isovolumetric contraction - ANSWER 2nd phase of cardiac cycle; all valves are
closed, ventricles are full and pressure rises inside the ventricle. When
, ventricular pressure is greater than Aortic/Pulmonary trunk pressure (~80
mmHg), the SLV valves will open.
how much blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric contraction? -
ANSWER 130 mL
ventricular ejection - ANSWER 3rd phase; SL valves open, blood leaves the
ventricles rapidly at first, the aorta reaches peak systole/contraction pressure
of 80mmHg.
How much blood is left in the ventricle following ventricular ejection? -
ANSWER ~60 mL
stroke volume definition - ANSWER the amount (mL) of blood pumped
during one heart beat
stroke volume formula - ANSWER SV = EDV - ESV
How much blood is pumped during ventricular ejection? - ANSWER ~70 mL
isovolumetric relaxation - ANSWER 4th phase; ventricles relax/no more signal
to contract. All four valves close again, ventricular pressure decreases. When
the pressure of the ventricles is lower than the pressure in the atria, AV
valves open
Name and number of each cardiac phase - ANSWER 1. Atrial
Systole/Contraction
2. Isovolumetric Contraction
3. Ventricular Ejection
4. Isovolumetric Relaxation
5. Ventricular Filling
