Biostatistics Final Exam/109 Qs and
As/100% Verified
What is biostatistics? - - Discipline concerned with the treatment and
analysis of numerical data derived from biological, biomedical, and health-
related studies.
- What is measurement? - - How we get our data... the assignment of
numbers of codes according to prior set-rules
- What are the three disciplines of biostatistics? - - 1. Improve intellectual
content of data.
2. Organize data into a format that is understandable.
3. Relies on tests of experience as standard of validity.
- What is an observation? example? - - The unit upon which a measurement
is made. ex: a person or a region.
- What is a variable? - - A characteristic being measured.
- What is a value? - - A number or code that has been realized
- How do you set up a data table? - - Observations in rows
Variables in columns
Values in the middle
- When would you use a categorical scale? Example? - - When there are two
or more categories with no intrinsic ordering to the categories. Example -
gender, blood type, disease state.
- When would you use an ordinal scale? Example? - - it puts observations
into categories that can be ranked/ordered. Ex: cancer stages.
- When would you use a quantitative scale? Example? - - For numeric
values. Ex: height, weight, age.
- What is objectivity? - - The intent to measure things as they are without
shaping them to conform to a preconceived worldview.
- What are the two forms of measurement errors? - - 1. Imprecision
2. Bias
- What is imprecision? - - The Inability to get the same result on repeat.
, - What is reliability? - - Ability to replicate.
- What is bias? - - The tendency to overestimate or underestimate the true
value.
- What is validity? - - The ability to identify the true nature of observation...
when something is unbiased
- What are two types of studies? - - Survey
Comparative (experimental and non experimental)
- What kind of sample entails equal chance in selection for generalization to
the population? - - Simple random sample.
- What are three cautions you must have when picking a sample? - -
Undercoverage
Volunteer bias
Non response bias
- What is undercoverage? - - Groups in population are left out or
underrepresented.
- What is non response bias? - - Large percentage of sample refuse or can't
be contacted.
- What is a probability sample? - - Sample in which each member of the
population has a known probability of being selected int the sample.
- What is a stratified random sample? - - It draws independent SRS from
within a relatively homogenous group.
Ex - divide the population into 5 year age groups and SRS within that
- What is a cluster sample? - - Randomly selects large units with smaller
subunits.
- What is probability? - - The proportion of times an event is expected to
occur in the population - useful for predicting future outcomes.
- What is the explanatory variable? - - The treatment or exposure that
explains or predicts changes in the response variable.
- What is the response variable? - - The outcome or response being
investigated
As/100% Verified
What is biostatistics? - - Discipline concerned with the treatment and
analysis of numerical data derived from biological, biomedical, and health-
related studies.
- What is measurement? - - How we get our data... the assignment of
numbers of codes according to prior set-rules
- What are the three disciplines of biostatistics? - - 1. Improve intellectual
content of data.
2. Organize data into a format that is understandable.
3. Relies on tests of experience as standard of validity.
- What is an observation? example? - - The unit upon which a measurement
is made. ex: a person or a region.
- What is a variable? - - A characteristic being measured.
- What is a value? - - A number or code that has been realized
- How do you set up a data table? - - Observations in rows
Variables in columns
Values in the middle
- When would you use a categorical scale? Example? - - When there are two
or more categories with no intrinsic ordering to the categories. Example -
gender, blood type, disease state.
- When would you use an ordinal scale? Example? - - it puts observations
into categories that can be ranked/ordered. Ex: cancer stages.
- When would you use a quantitative scale? Example? - - For numeric
values. Ex: height, weight, age.
- What is objectivity? - - The intent to measure things as they are without
shaping them to conform to a preconceived worldview.
- What are the two forms of measurement errors? - - 1. Imprecision
2. Bias
- What is imprecision? - - The Inability to get the same result on repeat.
, - What is reliability? - - Ability to replicate.
- What is bias? - - The tendency to overestimate or underestimate the true
value.
- What is validity? - - The ability to identify the true nature of observation...
when something is unbiased
- What are two types of studies? - - Survey
Comparative (experimental and non experimental)
- What kind of sample entails equal chance in selection for generalization to
the population? - - Simple random sample.
- What are three cautions you must have when picking a sample? - -
Undercoverage
Volunteer bias
Non response bias
- What is undercoverage? - - Groups in population are left out or
underrepresented.
- What is non response bias? - - Large percentage of sample refuse or can't
be contacted.
- What is a probability sample? - - Sample in which each member of the
population has a known probability of being selected int the sample.
- What is a stratified random sample? - - It draws independent SRS from
within a relatively homogenous group.
Ex - divide the population into 5 year age groups and SRS within that
- What is a cluster sample? - - Randomly selects large units with smaller
subunits.
- What is probability? - - The proportion of times an event is expected to
occur in the population - useful for predicting future outcomes.
- What is the explanatory variable? - - The treatment or exposure that
explains or predicts changes in the response variable.
- What is the response variable? - - The outcome or response being
investigated
