MGMT 330 Klinger Exam 1
Organizational Behavior - correct answer ✔✔a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and
ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations
Micro OB - correct answer ✔✔the study of individual & group behavior in organizations (this is the
majority of what we will cover and will include units such as personality, performance, motivation, etc.)
Macro OB - correct answer ✔✔the study of structural characteristics of organizations (we will cover a
few of these topics such as the units for organizational culture, but you will see this more in the
Management Strategy capstone course)
Resources are valuable when they meet the following criteria: - correct answer ✔✔Rare
Inimitable
Non-substitutable
What is a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔a statistical technique that can show whether, and how
strongly, pairs of variables are related.
correlation is based on deviations of observations from the trend (how closely related the variables are).
How do we interpret a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Direction (can be positive or negative)
Magnitude (strong/moderate/weak)
How do we evaluate the magnitude of a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔The larger the (absolute) value
of the correlation, the stronger the relationship between the variables.
The Magnitude lets us know how accurately we can estimate one variable given the other (strong vs.
weak).
What is a positive correlation:? - correct answer ✔✔Positive:
As the value of X increases, the value of Y also increases;
,Both Variables go in the same direction--either both increasing or both decreasing.
Height & School Grade: Move up in grade = got taller = both increasing
Hate your job, do bad work = both decreasing
What is a negative correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Negative:
As the value of X increases, the value of Y decreases
Job Satisfaction & Employee Theft = more satisfied you are (up), less likely to steal (down)
In the social sciences, what is a strong/moderate/weak correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Strong: r
around +/- 0.50
Moderate: r around +/- 0.30
Weak: r around +/- 0.10
What information is needed to be able to infer causality from a correlation? - correct answer
✔✔Correlation does NOT = causation (relationship between cause and effect). A correlation means
there is a relationship between the variables.
What is a meta-analysis? - correct answer ✔✔A statistical technique for summarizing the relationships
between variables by combining multiple effects from multiple different studies
Any individual study is going to have it's strengths & weaknesses → this helps cancel them out
Credibility comes from being able to reproduce findings across different settings, with different
individuals, at different times, and using different methods (They are Reliable & Valid)
Gives more accurate estimation of the correlation between variables
What is Job Performance? - correct answer ✔✔The value of the set of employee behaviors that
contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal commitment
What are the advantages of studying results-based indicators of job performance? - correct answer
✔✔Advantage of looking at results:
May appear more "objective"--you either made your goals or you didn't
Match more easily with job goals and job descriptions--your job is to have a winning record and go to
bowl games
, More strongly related to an organization's "bottom line"--if Bobby gets the results in wins and bowl
games, ODU will get the revenue from ticket sales, fundraising, merchandise sales, etc.
Advantages of looking at behaviors: - correct answer ✔✔Driven by factors within the employee's control
(rather than external factors)
How much time teammates spend together
It can be easier to evaluate individual performance in team situations
Easier to determine what's driving good/bad performance (for development)
Looking at behavior you can help make improvements where they are needed
Should you look at behaviors or results? - correct answer ✔✔Both
How do we measure job performance? - correct answer ✔✔Use a previously validated measure that
generalizes across jobs
Create your own measure that is specific to your job
Identify the relevant behaviors.
Conduct a job analysis
Use O*NET or other databases to supplement your analysis
Use those relevant behaviors to create a scale that is reliable and valid
Empirical Arguments: - correct answer ✔✔we want to use data to show a positive perspective
When we compare otherwise similar firms, the firms that are recognized for their commitment to
applying OB principles and theories outperform those not recognized (ex: Fortune's 100 Best Companies
to Work For).
validity - correct answer ✔✔("Truth Value") of the claims made by others
Test-Retest Reliability - correct answer ✔✔If a person takes the same test on multiple occasions, will the
score be relatively similar?
Measure the same thing across multiple times
Organizational Behavior - correct answer ✔✔a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and
ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations
Micro OB - correct answer ✔✔the study of individual & group behavior in organizations (this is the
majority of what we will cover and will include units such as personality, performance, motivation, etc.)
Macro OB - correct answer ✔✔the study of structural characteristics of organizations (we will cover a
few of these topics such as the units for organizational culture, but you will see this more in the
Management Strategy capstone course)
Resources are valuable when they meet the following criteria: - correct answer ✔✔Rare
Inimitable
Non-substitutable
What is a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔a statistical technique that can show whether, and how
strongly, pairs of variables are related.
correlation is based on deviations of observations from the trend (how closely related the variables are).
How do we interpret a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Direction (can be positive or negative)
Magnitude (strong/moderate/weak)
How do we evaluate the magnitude of a correlation? - correct answer ✔✔The larger the (absolute) value
of the correlation, the stronger the relationship between the variables.
The Magnitude lets us know how accurately we can estimate one variable given the other (strong vs.
weak).
What is a positive correlation:? - correct answer ✔✔Positive:
As the value of X increases, the value of Y also increases;
,Both Variables go in the same direction--either both increasing or both decreasing.
Height & School Grade: Move up in grade = got taller = both increasing
Hate your job, do bad work = both decreasing
What is a negative correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Negative:
As the value of X increases, the value of Y decreases
Job Satisfaction & Employee Theft = more satisfied you are (up), less likely to steal (down)
In the social sciences, what is a strong/moderate/weak correlation? - correct answer ✔✔Strong: r
around +/- 0.50
Moderate: r around +/- 0.30
Weak: r around +/- 0.10
What information is needed to be able to infer causality from a correlation? - correct answer
✔✔Correlation does NOT = causation (relationship between cause and effect). A correlation means
there is a relationship between the variables.
What is a meta-analysis? - correct answer ✔✔A statistical technique for summarizing the relationships
between variables by combining multiple effects from multiple different studies
Any individual study is going to have it's strengths & weaknesses → this helps cancel them out
Credibility comes from being able to reproduce findings across different settings, with different
individuals, at different times, and using different methods (They are Reliable & Valid)
Gives more accurate estimation of the correlation between variables
What is Job Performance? - correct answer ✔✔The value of the set of employee behaviors that
contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal commitment
What are the advantages of studying results-based indicators of job performance? - correct answer
✔✔Advantage of looking at results:
May appear more "objective"--you either made your goals or you didn't
Match more easily with job goals and job descriptions--your job is to have a winning record and go to
bowl games
, More strongly related to an organization's "bottom line"--if Bobby gets the results in wins and bowl
games, ODU will get the revenue from ticket sales, fundraising, merchandise sales, etc.
Advantages of looking at behaviors: - correct answer ✔✔Driven by factors within the employee's control
(rather than external factors)
How much time teammates spend together
It can be easier to evaluate individual performance in team situations
Easier to determine what's driving good/bad performance (for development)
Looking at behavior you can help make improvements where they are needed
Should you look at behaviors or results? - correct answer ✔✔Both
How do we measure job performance? - correct answer ✔✔Use a previously validated measure that
generalizes across jobs
Create your own measure that is specific to your job
Identify the relevant behaviors.
Conduct a job analysis
Use O*NET or other databases to supplement your analysis
Use those relevant behaviors to create a scale that is reliable and valid
Empirical Arguments: - correct answer ✔✔we want to use data to show a positive perspective
When we compare otherwise similar firms, the firms that are recognized for their commitment to
applying OB principles and theories outperform those not recognized (ex: Fortune's 100 Best Companies
to Work For).
validity - correct answer ✔✔("Truth Value") of the claims made by others
Test-Retest Reliability - correct answer ✔✔If a person takes the same test on multiple occasions, will the
score be relatively similar?
Measure the same thing across multiple times
