Exam 4 MIC 205 Dayif question and actual correct
answer 100%A+ graded
________ _______ is the leading cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections in
the U.S. - WELL ANSWERED staph aureus
2 types of cancer vaccines - WELL ANSWERED preventative = used to prevent
cancer by targeting viruses that lead to cancer like HPV + hepatitis B
therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
3 methods to design attenuated vaccine - WELL ANSWERED 1) remove virulence
genes from microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely
change the microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when
you are actually infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against
smallpox) to produce a broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related
receptors, microbe learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human
cells and microbe slowly replicates + get less virus made + gives time for immune
system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms bc its so slow
acne - WELL ANSWERED caused by propionibacterium acnes - gram positive, rod-
shaped bacteria, found as normal flora
enters thru hair follicle, has access to sebum as a nutrient, problem when pore is
clogged, organism trapped + form whitehead, get inflammation response. if you get a
pustule formation, you get scarring
diagnose with visual examination
acquired immunodeficiency diseases - WELL ANSWERED leprosy, tuberculosis,
mono, AIDS
agammaglobulemia - WELL ANSWERED inborn
B-cell deficiency
treated with mass doses of immune serum & antibiotics
bacterial infections pose greater threat
,IgA deficiency is most common
agglutination test - WELL ANSWERED relies on cross-linking of antibodies with
antigens, results in clumping of insoluble particles
test is done in a few mins, do not need pure culture, results easy to see with your eye
antigen on surface of microbe, antibodies have variable region that recognizes antigen.
after mixing antibodies + antigen, get clumping which is an interpretation of a positive
result
might get false positives, but can do a more sophisticated test to confirm
can do this with bacteria, virus, toxin, drugs, ABO blood typing
ex: strep test, blood typing tests, drug tests
AIDS - WELL ANSWERED acquired immune deficiency syndrome
caused by HIV
targets T helper cells + macrophages
diagnosis = when CD4 T helper cell population falls under 200 cells per microliter, that
is when you are diagnosed with AIDS, or when you show opportunistic infections
antibodies do not increase greatly for 6 months
if u think you got HIV, put u on anti-retroviral medication for one month then test you
with ELISA. keep you on medication and test you again with northern blot in 6 months
for antibodies. test you again in 1 year to confirm. keep you on drugs for entire year.
while on drugs, virus replicating very slowly and T helper cell count depletes, if T helper
cells do not direct immune response anymore, get opportunistic pathogens that cause
disease, virus rapidly replicates and thats when you see person near death. antibodies
reduce bc immune system cannot keep up with amount of B cells they're losing.
allergy - WELL ANSWERED immune system responding to an allergen it should be
ignoring
results in 4 types of hypersensitivity
artifically acquired passive immunity - WELL ANSWERED Introduction of antibody-rich
serum (blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to another
susceptible individual
quick response
, passive = person receives antibodies
artificial = done in lab or in horse
get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to
produce antibodies to neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you
a shot of antivenom in hospital
artificially acquired active immunity - WELL ANSWERED antigens are intentionally
introduced in vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
attenuated vaccine - WELL ANSWERED injecting live microorganisms, but it is
weakened bc the virulence genes are removed, so the virus can attach + replicate in
your cells but not as quickly
this type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
autoimmune disease - WELL ANSWERED immune system responding to self, cannot
distinguish between self vs. nonself
affects blood cells, endocrine organs, nervous tissue, CT
autoimmune disease affecting blood cells - WELL ANSWERED autoimmune hemolytic
anemia
autoimmune disease affecting connective tissue - WELL ANSWERED rheumatoid
athritis
autoimmune disease affecting endocrine organs - WELL ANSWERED type 1 diabetes
mellitus (juvenile) = T cells destroy insulin secreting cells of the pancreas
autoimmune disease affecting nervous tissue - WELL ANSWERED multiple sclerosis =
T-cells destroy the Myelin sheaths that surround
neurons
bacteremia - WELL ANSWERED bacterial septicemia, often harmless
bacterial gastroenteritis - WELL ANSWERED inflammation of stomach or intestines
due to presence of bacteria
portal of entry = mucous membranes of intestinal tract, allow passage of toxins from
contaminated foods, water, poor living conditions
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps
answer 100%A+ graded
________ _______ is the leading cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections in
the U.S. - WELL ANSWERED staph aureus
2 types of cancer vaccines - WELL ANSWERED preventative = used to prevent
cancer by targeting viruses that lead to cancer like HPV + hepatitis B
therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental stage
3 methods to design attenuated vaccine - WELL ANSWERED 1) remove virulence
genes from microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you completely
change the microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original as possible so when
you are actually infected your immune system can protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you against
smallpox) to produce a broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines w/ related
receptors, microbe learns to grow efficiently in non human cells, introduce it to human
cells and microbe slowly replicates + get less virus made + gives time for immune
system to mount a response + do not feel signs and symptoms bc its so slow
acne - WELL ANSWERED caused by propionibacterium acnes - gram positive, rod-
shaped bacteria, found as normal flora
enters thru hair follicle, has access to sebum as a nutrient, problem when pore is
clogged, organism trapped + form whitehead, get inflammation response. if you get a
pustule formation, you get scarring
diagnose with visual examination
acquired immunodeficiency diseases - WELL ANSWERED leprosy, tuberculosis,
mono, AIDS
agammaglobulemia - WELL ANSWERED inborn
B-cell deficiency
treated with mass doses of immune serum & antibiotics
bacterial infections pose greater threat
,IgA deficiency is most common
agglutination test - WELL ANSWERED relies on cross-linking of antibodies with
antigens, results in clumping of insoluble particles
test is done in a few mins, do not need pure culture, results easy to see with your eye
antigen on surface of microbe, antibodies have variable region that recognizes antigen.
after mixing antibodies + antigen, get clumping which is an interpretation of a positive
result
might get false positives, but can do a more sophisticated test to confirm
can do this with bacteria, virus, toxin, drugs, ABO blood typing
ex: strep test, blood typing tests, drug tests
AIDS - WELL ANSWERED acquired immune deficiency syndrome
caused by HIV
targets T helper cells + macrophages
diagnosis = when CD4 T helper cell population falls under 200 cells per microliter, that
is when you are diagnosed with AIDS, or when you show opportunistic infections
antibodies do not increase greatly for 6 months
if u think you got HIV, put u on anti-retroviral medication for one month then test you
with ELISA. keep you on medication and test you again with northern blot in 6 months
for antibodies. test you again in 1 year to confirm. keep you on drugs for entire year.
while on drugs, virus replicating very slowly and T helper cell count depletes, if T helper
cells do not direct immune response anymore, get opportunistic pathogens that cause
disease, virus rapidly replicates and thats when you see person near death. antibodies
reduce bc immune system cannot keep up with amount of B cells they're losing.
allergy - WELL ANSWERED immune system responding to an allergen it should be
ignoring
results in 4 types of hypersensitivity
artifically acquired passive immunity - WELL ANSWERED Introduction of antibody-rich
serum (blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to another
susceptible individual
quick response
, passive = person receives antibodies
artificial = done in lab or in horse
get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a horse to
produce antibodies to neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate antibodies, give you
a shot of antivenom in hospital
artificially acquired active immunity - WELL ANSWERED antigens are intentionally
introduced in vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
attenuated vaccine - WELL ANSWERED injecting live microorganisms, but it is
weakened bc the virulence genes are removed, so the virus can attach + replicate in
your cells but not as quickly
this type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple responses
autoimmune disease - WELL ANSWERED immune system responding to self, cannot
distinguish between self vs. nonself
affects blood cells, endocrine organs, nervous tissue, CT
autoimmune disease affecting blood cells - WELL ANSWERED autoimmune hemolytic
anemia
autoimmune disease affecting connective tissue - WELL ANSWERED rheumatoid
athritis
autoimmune disease affecting endocrine organs - WELL ANSWERED type 1 diabetes
mellitus (juvenile) = T cells destroy insulin secreting cells of the pancreas
autoimmune disease affecting nervous tissue - WELL ANSWERED multiple sclerosis =
T-cells destroy the Myelin sheaths that surround
neurons
bacteremia - WELL ANSWERED bacterial septicemia, often harmless
bacterial gastroenteritis - WELL ANSWERED inflammation of stomach or intestines
due to presence of bacteria
portal of entry = mucous membranes of intestinal tract, allow passage of toxins from
contaminated foods, water, poor living conditions
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps
