Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding in psychologie van individuele verschillen ........................................................................................ 6
Begrippenkader ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Wat? ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen: interindividuele verschillen niveau ...................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen: intergroepsverschillen niveau ............................................................................. 8
Beschrijven verschillen: intraindividuele verschillen niveau ...................................................................... 8
Beschrijven verschillen: interindividuele verschillen in intraindividuele verschillen niveau...................... 8
Beschrijven van verschillen inzake? ........................................................................................................... 9
Beschrijven van verbanden tussen verschillen........................................................................................... 9
Doel? ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
De benaming PIV ............................................................................................................................................ 9
De vragen van PIV in historisch perspectief ................................................................................................. 10
Meten en beschrijven van individuele verschillen ................................................................................... 10
Proximale verklaringen............................................................................................................................. 12
Distale verklaringen.................................................................................................................................. 12
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Wat ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Beschrijven verschillen ............................................................................................................................. 13
Beschrijven van verbanden tussen verschillen......................................................................................... 14
Doel .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................................. 14
1. Introductie tot persoonlijkheidspsychologie.............................................................................................. 14
Definitie van persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................................................. 14
Niveaus van persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................................................. 16
Domeinen van persoonlijkheid .......................................................................................................................... 16
Wat is goede (persoonlijkheids)theorie? ........................................................................................................... 17
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 17
Definitie van persoonlijheid.......................................................................................................................... 17
Theorie.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Domeinen van persoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................................... 17
2. Persoonlijkheidsbeoordeling, -meting en onderzoeksontwerp .................................................................. 18
Soorten gegevens .............................................................................................................................................. 18
S-data ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
Ongestructureerd ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Gestructureerd ......................................................................................................................................... 19
O-data ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
T-data............................................................................................................................................................ 20
Experimentele methodes ......................................................................................................................... 20
Impliciete tests ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Mechanische registratie-apparatuur........................................................................................................ 21
Fysiologische data .................................................................................................................................... 22
Projectieve technieken ............................................................................................................................. 22
L-data ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Integratie ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
1
, Evaluatie/Kwaliteit ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Test-hertest betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................................. 24
Interne consistentie ................................................................................................................................. 24
Interbeoordelaarsbetrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 24
Validiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
Generaliseerbaarheid ................................................................................................................................... 25
Onderzoeksdesigns ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Experimentele methode ............................................................................................................................... 25
Correlationele studie .................................................................................................................................... 26
Gevalstudie ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Soorten gegevens ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Evaluatie/kwaliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Onderzoeksdesigns ....................................................................................................................................... 28
3. Trekken en taxonomieën om persoonlijkheid te beschrijven ..................................................................... 28
Wat is een persoonlijkheidstrek? ...................................................................................................................... 28
Trekken als oorzaken .................................................................................................................................... 28
Trekken als beschrijving................................................................................................................................ 28
De Act-Frequentie Benadering ..................................................................................................................... 28
Schema ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Welke zijn de belangrijkste trekken?................................................................................................................. 30
Lexicale benadering ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Statistische benadering ................................................................................................................................ 31
Theoretische benadering .............................................................................................................................. 32
Welke benadering is de beste?..................................................................................................................... 32
Hoe kunnen we een omvattende taxonomie formuleren die de trekken omvat? ............................................. 32
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model ....................................................................................................................... 32
Psychoticisme ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Extraversie/introversie ............................................................................................................................. 33
Neuroticisme/emotionele Stabiliteit ........................................................................................................ 33
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor System.......................................................................................................... 34
Wiggins’ Interpersonal Circumplex ............................................................................................................... 34
Five Factor Model ......................................................................................................................................... 35
Persoonlijkheidtypes ................................................................................................................................ 37
Hexaco-model - Ashton & Lee (2001) ........................................................................................................... 38
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 39
Wat zijn trekken? .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Welke trekken zijn belangrijk? ..................................................................................................................... 39
Taxonomieën van persoonlijkheid................................................................................................................ 39
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model ................................................................................................................... 39
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor System ..................................................................................................... 40
Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model ....................................................................................................... 40
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology ................................................................................ 40
Criteria voor persoonlijkheidstrek ................................................................................................................ 40
Betekenisvolle individuele verschillen ..................................................................................................... 41
Stabiel en Consistent over tijd ................................................................................................................. 41
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Persoonlijkheidstrek ................................................................................................................................. 43
Persoon-situatie interactionisme ............................................................................................................. 43
Persoonlijkheid als voorspeller ................................................................................................................ 44
2
,5. Persoonlijkheidsdisposities in de loop van de tijd: stabiliteit en verandering............................................. 44
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................ 44
Drie vormen van stabiliteit ................................................................................................................................ 44
Twee definiërende kwaliteiten ................................................................................................................ 45
Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid in levensloop ................................................................................................ 46
Rangorde stabiliteit bij babies (temperament) ........................................................................................ 46
Rangorde stabiliteit in kindertijd .............................................................................................................. 47
Rangorde stabiliteit in volwassenheid ..................................................................................................... 48
Gemiddelde niveau stabiliteit in volwassenheid ...................................................................................... 49
Persoonlijkheidsverandering ........................................................................................................................ 49
Zelfwaardegevoel ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Autonomie, dominantie, leiderschap, ambitie......................................................................................... 50
Sensatiezucht ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Onafhankelijkheid en rollenpatronen ...................................................................................................... 51
Cohort effecten: Assertiviteit ................................................................................................................... 51
Persoonlijkheidscoherentie over tijd ............................................................................................................ 51
Huwelijksstabiliteit, -tevredenheid, en echtscheiding ............................................................................. 51
Alcoholisme en emotionele stoornis ........................................................................................................ 52
Onderwijs, academische prestaties, en schoolverlaten ........................................................................... 52
Kinderen met woede-aanvallen ............................................................................................................... 52
Gezondheid en levensduur ...................................................................................................................... 53
Besluit ............................................................................................................................................................... 53
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 54
Drie vormen van stabiliteit ........................................................................................................................... 54
Persoonlijkheidsverandering: twee definiërende kwaliteiten ...................................................................... 54
Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid in levensloop ................................................................................................ 54
Persoonlijkheidsverandering ........................................................................................................................ 54
Persoonlijkheidscoherentie over tijd ............................................................................................................ 54
10. Motieven en persoonlijkheid................................................................................................................... 55
Basisconcepten (Henry Murray) ........................................................................................................................ 55
Theorie van Henry Murray ........................................................................................................................... 56
Meten van noden .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ............................................................................................................... 57
Zelfrapportering ........................................................................................................................................... 57
Multi-Motive Grid ......................................................................................................................................... 58
‘The Big Three’ .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Need for Achievement.................................................................................................................................. 58
Need for Power............................................................................................................................................. 59
Need for Inticmacy ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Humanistische traditie ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Maslow ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Rogers ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Deci&Ryan: Zelf- Determinatie Theorie ........................................................................................................ 62
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 65
Basisconcepten ............................................................................................................................................. 65
Meten van noden ......................................................................................................................................... 66
The big three................................................................................................................................................. 66
Humanistische traditie.................................................................................................................................. 66
Maslow ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
Rogers....................................................................................................................................................... 66
3
, Zelf-determinatie theorie ......................................................................................................................... 67
11. Cognitieve onderwerpen in persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................ 67
Kernbegrippen ................................................................................................................................................... 67
Cognitie......................................................................................................................................................... 67
Cognitieve stijlen .......................................................................................................................................... 67
Computermetafoor....................................................................................................................................... 68
Drie niveaus .................................................................................................................................................. 68
Perceptie ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
Veld(on)afhankelijkheid................................................................................................................................ 68
Pijntolerantie ................................................................................................................................................ 69
Interpretatie ...................................................................................................................................................... 70
Persoonlijke construct-theorie (Kelly) .......................................................................................................... 70
Locus of control (Rotter) .............................................................................................................................. 71
Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid (Seligman) ....................................................................................................... 71
Doelen ............................................................................................................................................................... 72
Self-efficacy (Bandura) ................................................................................................................................. 73
Mastery orientation (Dweck) ....................................................................................................................... 73
Intelligentie ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
Definitie van Sternberg (1985) ..................................................................................................................... 73
Emotionele intelligentie (EQ) ....................................................................................................................... 74
Meerdere componenten? ............................................................................................................................ 74
Wat is de structuur van intelligentie? ...................................................................................................... 74
Multiple intelligences (Gardner) .................................................................................................................. 74
Meten van intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 76
Verbale tests ............................................................................................................................................ 76
Performantietests .................................................................................................................................... 76
Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 77
Kernbegrippen .............................................................................................................................................. 77
Perceptie....................................................................................................................................................... 77
Interpretatie ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Doelen .......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................................... 78
14. Benaderingen van het zelf ....................................................................................................................... 78
Zelf-concept....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................. 78
Baby.......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Van 2-3 jaar .............................................................................................................................................. 78
Van 3-12 jaar ............................................................................................................................................ 79
Adolescentie ............................................................................................................................................. 79
Zelf-schemata ............................................................................................................................................... 79
Zelfwaardering .................................................................................................................................................. 80
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
Onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................... 80
Negatieve feedback .................................................................................................................................. 80
Coping ...................................................................................................................................................... 80
Versterken vs. beschermen van zelf......................................................................................................... 81
Variabiliteit of fluctuaties ......................................................................................................................... 81
Verlegenheid ................................................................................................................................................ 82
Mythes van zelf-waardering ......................................................................................................................... 82
4
Inleiding in psychologie van individuele verschillen ........................................................................................ 6
Begrippenkader ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Wat? ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen: interindividuele verschillen niveau ...................................................................... 7
Beschrijven verschillen: intergroepsverschillen niveau ............................................................................. 8
Beschrijven verschillen: intraindividuele verschillen niveau ...................................................................... 8
Beschrijven verschillen: interindividuele verschillen in intraindividuele verschillen niveau...................... 8
Beschrijven van verschillen inzake? ........................................................................................................... 9
Beschrijven van verbanden tussen verschillen........................................................................................... 9
Doel? ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
De benaming PIV ............................................................................................................................................ 9
De vragen van PIV in historisch perspectief ................................................................................................. 10
Meten en beschrijven van individuele verschillen ................................................................................... 10
Proximale verklaringen............................................................................................................................. 12
Distale verklaringen.................................................................................................................................. 12
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Wat ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Beschrijven verschillen ............................................................................................................................. 13
Beschrijven van verbanden tussen verschillen......................................................................................... 14
Doel .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................................. 14
1. Introductie tot persoonlijkheidspsychologie.............................................................................................. 14
Definitie van persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................................................. 14
Niveaus van persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................................................. 16
Domeinen van persoonlijkheid .......................................................................................................................... 16
Wat is goede (persoonlijkheids)theorie? ........................................................................................................... 17
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 17
Definitie van persoonlijheid.......................................................................................................................... 17
Theorie.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Domeinen van persoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................................... 17
2. Persoonlijkheidsbeoordeling, -meting en onderzoeksontwerp .................................................................. 18
Soorten gegevens .............................................................................................................................................. 18
S-data ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
Ongestructureerd ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Gestructureerd ......................................................................................................................................... 19
O-data ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
T-data............................................................................................................................................................ 20
Experimentele methodes ......................................................................................................................... 20
Impliciete tests ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Mechanische registratie-apparatuur........................................................................................................ 21
Fysiologische data .................................................................................................................................... 22
Projectieve technieken ............................................................................................................................. 22
L-data ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Integratie ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
1
, Evaluatie/Kwaliteit ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Test-hertest betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................................. 24
Interne consistentie ................................................................................................................................. 24
Interbeoordelaarsbetrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 24
Validiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
Generaliseerbaarheid ................................................................................................................................... 25
Onderzoeksdesigns ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Experimentele methode ............................................................................................................................... 25
Correlationele studie .................................................................................................................................... 26
Gevalstudie ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Soorten gegevens ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Evaluatie/kwaliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Onderzoeksdesigns ....................................................................................................................................... 28
3. Trekken en taxonomieën om persoonlijkheid te beschrijven ..................................................................... 28
Wat is een persoonlijkheidstrek? ...................................................................................................................... 28
Trekken als oorzaken .................................................................................................................................... 28
Trekken als beschrijving................................................................................................................................ 28
De Act-Frequentie Benadering ..................................................................................................................... 28
Schema ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Welke zijn de belangrijkste trekken?................................................................................................................. 30
Lexicale benadering ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Statistische benadering ................................................................................................................................ 31
Theoretische benadering .............................................................................................................................. 32
Welke benadering is de beste?..................................................................................................................... 32
Hoe kunnen we een omvattende taxonomie formuleren die de trekken omvat? ............................................. 32
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model ....................................................................................................................... 32
Psychoticisme ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Extraversie/introversie ............................................................................................................................. 33
Neuroticisme/emotionele Stabiliteit ........................................................................................................ 33
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor System.......................................................................................................... 34
Wiggins’ Interpersonal Circumplex ............................................................................................................... 34
Five Factor Model ......................................................................................................................................... 35
Persoonlijkheidtypes ................................................................................................................................ 37
Hexaco-model - Ashton & Lee (2001) ........................................................................................................... 38
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 39
Wat zijn trekken? .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Welke trekken zijn belangrijk? ..................................................................................................................... 39
Taxonomieën van persoonlijkheid................................................................................................................ 39
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model ................................................................................................................... 39
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor System ..................................................................................................... 40
Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model ....................................................................................................... 40
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology ................................................................................ 40
Criteria voor persoonlijkheidstrek ................................................................................................................ 40
Betekenisvolle individuele verschillen ..................................................................................................... 41
Stabiel en Consistent over tijd ................................................................................................................. 41
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Persoonlijkheidstrek ................................................................................................................................. 43
Persoon-situatie interactionisme ............................................................................................................. 43
Persoonlijkheid als voorspeller ................................................................................................................ 44
2
,5. Persoonlijkheidsdisposities in de loop van de tijd: stabiliteit en verandering............................................. 44
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................ 44
Drie vormen van stabiliteit ................................................................................................................................ 44
Twee definiërende kwaliteiten ................................................................................................................ 45
Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid in levensloop ................................................................................................ 46
Rangorde stabiliteit bij babies (temperament) ........................................................................................ 46
Rangorde stabiliteit in kindertijd .............................................................................................................. 47
Rangorde stabiliteit in volwassenheid ..................................................................................................... 48
Gemiddelde niveau stabiliteit in volwassenheid ...................................................................................... 49
Persoonlijkheidsverandering ........................................................................................................................ 49
Zelfwaardegevoel ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Autonomie, dominantie, leiderschap, ambitie......................................................................................... 50
Sensatiezucht ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Onafhankelijkheid en rollenpatronen ...................................................................................................... 51
Cohort effecten: Assertiviteit ................................................................................................................... 51
Persoonlijkheidscoherentie over tijd ............................................................................................................ 51
Huwelijksstabiliteit, -tevredenheid, en echtscheiding ............................................................................. 51
Alcoholisme en emotionele stoornis ........................................................................................................ 52
Onderwijs, academische prestaties, en schoolverlaten ........................................................................... 52
Kinderen met woede-aanvallen ............................................................................................................... 52
Gezondheid en levensduur ...................................................................................................................... 53
Besluit ............................................................................................................................................................... 53
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 54
Drie vormen van stabiliteit ........................................................................................................................... 54
Persoonlijkheidsverandering: twee definiërende kwaliteiten ...................................................................... 54
Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid in levensloop ................................................................................................ 54
Persoonlijkheidsverandering ........................................................................................................................ 54
Persoonlijkheidscoherentie over tijd ............................................................................................................ 54
10. Motieven en persoonlijkheid................................................................................................................... 55
Basisconcepten (Henry Murray) ........................................................................................................................ 55
Theorie van Henry Murray ........................................................................................................................... 56
Meten van noden .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ............................................................................................................... 57
Zelfrapportering ........................................................................................................................................... 57
Multi-Motive Grid ......................................................................................................................................... 58
‘The Big Three’ .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Need for Achievement.................................................................................................................................. 58
Need for Power............................................................................................................................................. 59
Need for Inticmacy ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Humanistische traditie ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Maslow ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Rogers ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Deci&Ryan: Zelf- Determinatie Theorie ........................................................................................................ 62
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 65
Basisconcepten ............................................................................................................................................. 65
Meten van noden ......................................................................................................................................... 66
The big three................................................................................................................................................. 66
Humanistische traditie.................................................................................................................................. 66
Maslow ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
Rogers....................................................................................................................................................... 66
3
, Zelf-determinatie theorie ......................................................................................................................... 67
11. Cognitieve onderwerpen in persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................ 67
Kernbegrippen ................................................................................................................................................... 67
Cognitie......................................................................................................................................................... 67
Cognitieve stijlen .......................................................................................................................................... 67
Computermetafoor....................................................................................................................................... 68
Drie niveaus .................................................................................................................................................. 68
Perceptie ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
Veld(on)afhankelijkheid................................................................................................................................ 68
Pijntolerantie ................................................................................................................................................ 69
Interpretatie ...................................................................................................................................................... 70
Persoonlijke construct-theorie (Kelly) .......................................................................................................... 70
Locus of control (Rotter) .............................................................................................................................. 71
Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid (Seligman) ....................................................................................................... 71
Doelen ............................................................................................................................................................... 72
Self-efficacy (Bandura) ................................................................................................................................. 73
Mastery orientation (Dweck) ....................................................................................................................... 73
Intelligentie ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
Definitie van Sternberg (1985) ..................................................................................................................... 73
Emotionele intelligentie (EQ) ....................................................................................................................... 74
Meerdere componenten? ............................................................................................................................ 74
Wat is de structuur van intelligentie? ...................................................................................................... 74
Multiple intelligences (Gardner) .................................................................................................................. 74
Meten van intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 76
Verbale tests ............................................................................................................................................ 76
Performantietests .................................................................................................................................... 76
Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 77
Kernbegrippen .............................................................................................................................................. 77
Perceptie....................................................................................................................................................... 77
Interpretatie ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Doelen .......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................................... 78
14. Benaderingen van het zelf ....................................................................................................................... 78
Zelf-concept....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................. 78
Baby.......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Van 2-3 jaar .............................................................................................................................................. 78
Van 3-12 jaar ............................................................................................................................................ 79
Adolescentie ............................................................................................................................................. 79
Zelf-schemata ............................................................................................................................................... 79
Zelfwaardering .................................................................................................................................................. 80
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
Onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................... 80
Negatieve feedback .................................................................................................................................. 80
Coping ...................................................................................................................................................... 80
Versterken vs. beschermen van zelf......................................................................................................... 81
Variabiliteit of fluctuaties ......................................................................................................................... 81
Verlegenheid ................................................................................................................................................ 82
Mythes van zelf-waardering ......................................................................................................................... 82
4
