Linguistics 2A — Summary (Phonology)
IPA Symbols..................................................................................................2
UNIT 8: Syllables and Stress.........................................................................4
UNIT 9: Allophonic Variations of Voice..........................................................4
Aspiration..................................................................................................4
Allophones of Voicing................................................................................5
Obstruent Devoicing..............................................................................5
Approximant devoicing..........................................................................5
UNIT 10: Allophonic Variation of Place.........................................................6
Variations in POA.......................................................................................6
Dental Realisations................................................................................6
Retraction..............................................................................................6
Advancement.........................................................................................6
Labiodental realisations.........................................................................6
Labialisation...........................................................................................6
Palatalisation.........................................................................................6
Velarisation............................................................................................6
Glottal reinforcement.............................................................................7
UNIT 11: Allophonic Variations of Manner....................................................7
Nasalisation...........................................................................................7
Nasal approach and release...................................................................7
Lateral approach and release................................................................7
Narrow release.......................................................................................7
Ejective release......................................................................................7
No audible release.................................................................................7
Unreleased plosives...............................................................................7
UNIT 12: Allophonic Variations of Vowels.....................................................8
Nasalisation of vowels...........................................................................8
Pre-fortis clipping...................................................................................8
UNIT 13: Allophonic Transcription and Parametric Diagrams.......................8
UNIT 14: Speech Sound Variation.................................................................8
UNIT 15: Weak Forms and Elision.................................................................9
, Elision....................................................................................................9
UNIT 16: Liaison.........................................................................................10
Linking /r/.............................................................................................10
Intrusive /r/..........................................................................................10
Conditions for /r/ liaison.......................................................................10
IPA Symbols
Voiceless Consonants
/p/ in pig – voiceless bilabial plosive
/f/ in fun – voiceless labiodental fricative
/θ/ in theory – voiceless dental fricative
/s/ in soon – voiceless alveolar fricative
/ʃ/ in ship – voiceless postalveolar fricative
/t/ in tank – voiceless alveolar plosive
/k/ in kind – voiceless velar plosive
/h/ in home – voiceless glottal fricative
/tʃ/ in cherub – voiceless postalveolar affricate
Voiced Consonants
/b/ in bent – voiced bilabial plosive
/v/ in vole – voiced labiodental fricative
/ð/ in they – voiced dental fricative
/z/ in zen – voiced alveolar fricative
/ʒ/ in pleasure – voiced postalveolar fricative
/d/ in dale – voiced alveolar plosive
/g/ in grind – voiced velar plosive
/m/ in mail – voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ in nail – voiced alveolar nasal
/ŋ/ in sang – voiced velar nasal
IPA Symbols..................................................................................................2
UNIT 8: Syllables and Stress.........................................................................4
UNIT 9: Allophonic Variations of Voice..........................................................4
Aspiration..................................................................................................4
Allophones of Voicing................................................................................5
Obstruent Devoicing..............................................................................5
Approximant devoicing..........................................................................5
UNIT 10: Allophonic Variation of Place.........................................................6
Variations in POA.......................................................................................6
Dental Realisations................................................................................6
Retraction..............................................................................................6
Advancement.........................................................................................6
Labiodental realisations.........................................................................6
Labialisation...........................................................................................6
Palatalisation.........................................................................................6
Velarisation............................................................................................6
Glottal reinforcement.............................................................................7
UNIT 11: Allophonic Variations of Manner....................................................7
Nasalisation...........................................................................................7
Nasal approach and release...................................................................7
Lateral approach and release................................................................7
Narrow release.......................................................................................7
Ejective release......................................................................................7
No audible release.................................................................................7
Unreleased plosives...............................................................................7
UNIT 12: Allophonic Variations of Vowels.....................................................8
Nasalisation of vowels...........................................................................8
Pre-fortis clipping...................................................................................8
UNIT 13: Allophonic Transcription and Parametric Diagrams.......................8
UNIT 14: Speech Sound Variation.................................................................8
UNIT 15: Weak Forms and Elision.................................................................9
, Elision....................................................................................................9
UNIT 16: Liaison.........................................................................................10
Linking /r/.............................................................................................10
Intrusive /r/..........................................................................................10
Conditions for /r/ liaison.......................................................................10
IPA Symbols
Voiceless Consonants
/p/ in pig – voiceless bilabial plosive
/f/ in fun – voiceless labiodental fricative
/θ/ in theory – voiceless dental fricative
/s/ in soon – voiceless alveolar fricative
/ʃ/ in ship – voiceless postalveolar fricative
/t/ in tank – voiceless alveolar plosive
/k/ in kind – voiceless velar plosive
/h/ in home – voiceless glottal fricative
/tʃ/ in cherub – voiceless postalveolar affricate
Voiced Consonants
/b/ in bent – voiced bilabial plosive
/v/ in vole – voiced labiodental fricative
/ð/ in they – voiced dental fricative
/z/ in zen – voiced alveolar fricative
/ʒ/ in pleasure – voiced postalveolar fricative
/d/ in dale – voiced alveolar plosive
/g/ in grind – voiced velar plosive
/m/ in mail – voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ in nail – voiced alveolar nasal
/ŋ/ in sang – voiced velar nasal
