"Foundations of Chemistry: From Basic Concepts to Advanced Reactions"

CHEM 130: Organic Chemistry I

Course outline

1.0 Introduction to organic chemistry:

1.1 Electronic configuration of carbon;
1.2 Hybridization, sp3, sp2 and sp.
1.3 Elemental analysis (qualitative).
1.4 Hydrocarbons

2.0 Alkanes:

2.1. Sources
2.2 Nomenclature
2.3 Structural isomerism
2.4 Physical properties
2.5 Chemical reactions
2.6 Mechanism for free radical substitution
2.7 Cycloalkanes: nomenclature, geometric isomerism
2.8 Preparation of alkanes

3.0 Alkenes

3.1 Sources
3.2 Nomenclature
3.3 Structural isomers, geometric isomerism (Cis – Trans, E-Z,)
3.4 Physical properties
3.5 Chemical reactions
3.6 Preparation of alkenes
3.7 Qualitative analysis of alkenes

4.0 Alkynes

4.1 Sources
4.2 Nomenclature
4.3 Physical properties
4.4 Chemical reactions
4.5 Preparation of alkynes
4.6 Qualitative analysis of alkynes

5.0 Functional groups

5.1 Alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, alkylhalides, and aliphatic amines,
phenols, ethers.
5.2 Their nomenclature and qualitative analysis).

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,References books:

Organic Chemistry by Wade L. G.
Organic Chemistry by Wellinger and Stermitz
Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry by John Mc Murry
Organic Chemistry by Solomon.
Organic Chemistry by F. Carey.




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,CHEM 130: Organic Chemistry I.................................................................................................................................i




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, 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry, branch of chemistry in which carbon compounds and their reactions are studied.

The compounds of carbon constitute the central chemicals of all living thing on this planet.

A wide variety of classes of substances—such as drugs, vitamins, plastics, natural and synthetic fibers,
as well as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—consist of organic molecules.

Organic chemists determine the structures of organic molecules, study their various reactions, and
develop procedures for the synthesis of organic compounds.

Organic chemistry has had a profound effect on modern life: It has improved natural materials and it
has synthesized natural and artificial materials that have, in turn, improved health, increased comfort,
and added to the convenience of nearly every product manufactured today.

Naturally occurring Synthetic

carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins plastics, many medicines and drugs,

detergents, insecticides, many dyes

Of all elements, carbon alone is able to form an immense diversity of compounds ranging from simple
methane molecule to complex molecules such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins e.t.c

Most organic molecules contain mainly C and H in their structures and in some cases O, S and N.

All living things contain organic compounds. Furthermore, many of the modern products and materials
upon which we depend are organic.

The knowledge of organic chemistry enables chemist to develop and manufacture drugs, agricultural
chemicals, anesthetics and other chemicals whose effects on life processes are important to humans.

Carbon atoms bond strongly to one another covalently forming long chains/skeletons and rings, a
unique phenomenon referred to as catenation.


1.1 Electronic configuration of carbon

Carbon has 6 electrons, 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second/outer shell.

The four valence electrons of Carbon are shared to form four covalent bonds and so it exercises a
valency of four.

6C (2 : 4) or (1s2 2s22p2) or (1s2 2s2 2px1 2py12pz0)

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