NR 507; ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM 2024-2025
Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by bronchoconstriction and an
overactive inflammatory ANSWER in the bronchioles.
What are the 5 symptoms of asthma? ANSWER: coughing
wheezing
Shortness of breath.
Rapid breathing
Chest tightness
Pathophysiology of Asthma (5) - ANSWER: airway inflammation, bronchial
hyperreactivity, and smooth muscle spasm.
Excess mucus production and accumulation
bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
- airflow blockage
-Reduced alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles are tiny passages that begin from the bronchi and eventually lead to the
alveoli.
The bronchioles are made up of three layers, the deepest of which is
middle layer - lamina propria.
The outermost layer
,Lamina propria is the middle layer of the bronchioles.
ANSWER: The lamina propria is embedded with connective tissue and immune
cells.
The lamina propria's goal is to help protect the airways by containing white blood
cells.
How does the lamina propria affect the lungs in terms of asthma? ANSWER: The
WBC defensive characteristic goes into overdrive, generating an inflammatory
reaction that destroys host tissue.
The innermost layer of the bronchioles consists of columnar epithelial cells and
mucus-producing goblet cells.
The outermost layer of bronchioles contains smooth muscle cells.
The outermost layer of the bronchioles controls the airway's ability to constrict and
dilate.
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER When air is unable to travel out of the alveolar
as it should due to bronchial walls collapsing over probable mucus plugs, trapping
air inside.
How can hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER: The continuing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus clog that the bronchial walls collapse over.
The effects of alveolar hyperinflation include an enlarged thorax and hypercapnia
(the retention of CO2).
, - Respiratory acidosis.
Tiotropium and Ipratropium are two anticholinergic medicines that are used to treat
asthma.
What effect do anticholinergics have on the lungs? - ANSWER These medicines
inhibit the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Increased bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic medicines for asthma - ANSWER The vagal nerve
stimulates the parasympathetic system to release acetylcholine, which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
reduced airflow.
Blocking cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding, which prevents
bronchial contraction.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Three features of bronchitis: bronchial inflammation.
Hypersecretion of mucus
continuous productive cough for at least three consecutive months for at least two
years.
Perfusion is the delivery of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body's cells
and tissues by the passage of blood via the capillaries.
Result of chronic bronchitis/low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
Right to left shunting
EXAM 2024-2025
Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by bronchoconstriction and an
overactive inflammatory ANSWER in the bronchioles.
What are the 5 symptoms of asthma? ANSWER: coughing
wheezing
Shortness of breath.
Rapid breathing
Chest tightness
Pathophysiology of Asthma (5) - ANSWER: airway inflammation, bronchial
hyperreactivity, and smooth muscle spasm.
Excess mucus production and accumulation
bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
- airflow blockage
-Reduced alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles are tiny passages that begin from the bronchi and eventually lead to the
alveoli.
The bronchioles are made up of three layers, the deepest of which is
middle layer - lamina propria.
The outermost layer
,Lamina propria is the middle layer of the bronchioles.
ANSWER: The lamina propria is embedded with connective tissue and immune
cells.
The lamina propria's goal is to help protect the airways by containing white blood
cells.
How does the lamina propria affect the lungs in terms of asthma? ANSWER: The
WBC defensive characteristic goes into overdrive, generating an inflammatory
reaction that destroys host tissue.
The innermost layer of the bronchioles consists of columnar epithelial cells and
mucus-producing goblet cells.
The outermost layer of bronchioles contains smooth muscle cells.
The outermost layer of the bronchioles controls the airway's ability to constrict and
dilate.
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER When air is unable to travel out of the alveolar
as it should due to bronchial walls collapsing over probable mucus plugs, trapping
air inside.
How can hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER: The continuing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus clog that the bronchial walls collapse over.
The effects of alveolar hyperinflation include an enlarged thorax and hypercapnia
(the retention of CO2).
, - Respiratory acidosis.
Tiotropium and Ipratropium are two anticholinergic medicines that are used to treat
asthma.
What effect do anticholinergics have on the lungs? - ANSWER These medicines
inhibit the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Increased bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic medicines for asthma - ANSWER The vagal nerve
stimulates the parasympathetic system to release acetylcholine, which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
reduced airflow.
Blocking cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding, which prevents
bronchial contraction.
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Three features of bronchitis: bronchial inflammation.
Hypersecretion of mucus
continuous productive cough for at least three consecutive months for at least two
years.
Perfusion is the delivery of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body's cells
and tissues by the passage of blood via the capillaries.
Result of chronic bronchitis/low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
Right to left shunting
