FINAL EXAM CHM 151 RIO SOLADO
M.SCHAAB LATEST UPDATE
GRADED A+
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
✔✔ An ionic bond is formed when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, creating ions
that attract each other. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
How do you determine the number of valence electrons in an element?
✔✔ The number of valence electrons can be determined by looking at the group number of the
element in the periodic table.
What is the molecular formula of a compound?
✔✔ The molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule of the
compound.
What is the purpose of a balanced chemical equation?
✔✔ A balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms of each element is the same
on both the reactant and product sides of the reaction.
1
,What is an oxidation state, and how is it used in chemistry?
✔✔ An oxidation state represents the hypothetical charge an atom would have if all bonds were
ionic. It helps in tracking the transfer of electrons in redox reactions.
How do you calculate the molar mass of a compound?
✔✔ The molar mass of a compound is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms in
the compound’s formula.
What is the difference between an endothermic and an exothermic reaction?
✔✔ An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, while an exothermic reaction
releases heat into the surroundings.
How does the ideal gas law relate pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas?
✔✔ The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas with the formula
\( PV = nRT \), where \( R \) is the gas constant.
What is a limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed first and thus determines
the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
2
,How do you convert between different units of concentration, such as molarity and molality?
✔✔ To convert between molarity (moles per liter) and molality (moles per kilogram of solvent),
you need to know the density of the solution and the mass of the solvent.
What is the principle behind fractional distillation?
✔✔ Fractional distillation separates components of a mixture based on differences in their
boiling points.
How does the pH scale relate to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?
✔✔ The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with lower pH
values indicating higher concentrations of hydrogen ions (more acidic) and higher pH values
indicating lower concentrations (more basic).
What is a buffer solution, and what is its function?
✔✔ A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added,
helping to maintain a stable pH.
How do you calculate the percent composition of an element in a compound?
3
, ✔✔ The percent composition is calculated by dividing the mass of the element in one mole of
the compound by the molar mass of the compound and then multiplying by 100.
What is the difference between an empirical formula and a molecular formula?
✔✔ An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound,
while a molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule.
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being
consumed in the process.
What are isomers, and how do they differ from each other?
✔✔ Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
arrangements or spatial orientations of atoms.
How do you determine the concentration of a solution in terms of molarity?
✔✔ Molarity is determined by dividing the number of moles of solute by the volume of the
solution in liters.
4
M.SCHAAB LATEST UPDATE
GRADED A+
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
✔✔ An ionic bond is formed when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, creating ions
that attract each other. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
How do you determine the number of valence electrons in an element?
✔✔ The number of valence electrons can be determined by looking at the group number of the
element in the periodic table.
What is the molecular formula of a compound?
✔✔ The molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule of the
compound.
What is the purpose of a balanced chemical equation?
✔✔ A balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms of each element is the same
on both the reactant and product sides of the reaction.
1
,What is an oxidation state, and how is it used in chemistry?
✔✔ An oxidation state represents the hypothetical charge an atom would have if all bonds were
ionic. It helps in tracking the transfer of electrons in redox reactions.
How do you calculate the molar mass of a compound?
✔✔ The molar mass of a compound is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms in
the compound’s formula.
What is the difference between an endothermic and an exothermic reaction?
✔✔ An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, while an exothermic reaction
releases heat into the surroundings.
How does the ideal gas law relate pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas?
✔✔ The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas with the formula
\( PV = nRT \), where \( R \) is the gas constant.
What is a limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed first and thus determines
the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
2
,How do you convert between different units of concentration, such as molarity and molality?
✔✔ To convert between molarity (moles per liter) and molality (moles per kilogram of solvent),
you need to know the density of the solution and the mass of the solvent.
What is the principle behind fractional distillation?
✔✔ Fractional distillation separates components of a mixture based on differences in their
boiling points.
How does the pH scale relate to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?
✔✔ The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with lower pH
values indicating higher concentrations of hydrogen ions (more acidic) and higher pH values
indicating lower concentrations (more basic).
What is a buffer solution, and what is its function?
✔✔ A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added,
helping to maintain a stable pH.
How do you calculate the percent composition of an element in a compound?
3
, ✔✔ The percent composition is calculated by dividing the mass of the element in one mole of
the compound by the molar mass of the compound and then multiplying by 100.
What is the difference between an empirical formula and a molecular formula?
✔✔ An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound,
while a molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule.
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being
consumed in the process.
What are isomers, and how do they differ from each other?
✔✔ Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
arrangements or spatial orientations of atoms.
How do you determine the concentration of a solution in terms of molarity?
✔✔ Molarity is determined by dividing the number of moles of solute by the volume of the
solution in liters.
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