VICTIMOLOGY AND THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Prof. Pemberton
2023 - 2024
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4
2. Victimology: history and perspectives.............................................................................. 5
2.1. International legal perspectives ............................................................................... 5
2.2. Criminological perspectives .................................................................................... 5
2.3. Social psychological perspectives ........................................................................... 6
2.4. Justice perspectives ................................................................................................ 7
2.5. Clinical psychological perspectives: origins of PTSD ................................................. 9
2.6. Critical perspectives ............................................................................................. 10
2.7. Narrative perspectives .......................................................................................... 11
3. Who is the victim? ........................................................................................................ 12
3.1. Defining the term victim, some and more complexities ........................................... 12
3.2. Circles of victims .................................................................................................. 14
3.3. Primary, secondary and tertiary victimization ......................................................... 14
3.4. The word victim..................................................................................................... 15
3.5. DiPerent perspectives on victimization in academic research: the case of IPV ......... 16
4. Becoming a victim: measurement and risk ..................................................................... 19
4.1. What are crime data sources? ............................................................................... 19
4.2. How can we explain the occurrence of victimization? ............................................. 21
4.3. What do we know about fear of crime and punitiveness?......................................... 23
4.4. What do we know about the risk of victimization of children? .................................. 24
5. The consequences of victimization ................................................................................ 26
5.1. Some general thoughts about consequences of victimization ................................. 26
5.2. Traumatic stress ................................................................................................... 26
5.3. Consequences related to diPerent forms of victimization........................................ 31
6. Reacting to victimization ............................................................................................... 41
6.1. Mechanisms in the reaction to victimization ........................................................... 41
6.2. How we talk about victimization? ........................................................................... 45
6.3. Victimization as an issue, why now?....................................................................... 48
7. Victims in action ........................................................................................................... 53
7.1. A general framework? Agency and communion....................................................... 53
7.2. Action beyond justice processes............................................................................ 54
7.3. Compensation ...................................................................................................... 56
7.4. Apology and forgiveness ........................................................................................ 56
2
, 7.5. Retribution and revenge ........................................................................................ 58
7.6. Procedural justice ................................................................................................. 61
8. Victim policy: restorative justice .................................................................................... 63
8.1. Definition of restorative justice .............................................................................. 63
8.2. Situating restorative justice ................................................................................... 63
8.3. Types of restorative justice .................................................................................... 63
8.4. The process of restorative justice ........................................................................... 64
8.5. Underlying theories of restorative justice ................................................................ 65
8.6. Victims and restorative justice ............................................................................... 69
9. Victim policy: criminal justice in europe ......................................................................... 72
9.1. A brief history of the involvement of european international bodies with the subject of
victims of crime ................................................................................................................ 72
9.2. The contents of the directive and the recommendation how this relates to
victimological knowledge.................................................................................................. 79
10. Victim policy: support and care ................................................................................. 89
10.1. Revisiting a number of topics from previous lectures .............................................. 89
10.2. Typology of victims rights based on three relationships (van dijk) ............................. 91
3
, 1. INTRODUCTION
• Victimology: since when? → 1948
• The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)
® Jan van Dijk (emeritus hoogleraar INTERVICT en voormalig beleidsmaker in Nederland en
de VN)
® Eerste onderzoek in 1966 in VS, vanaf 1972 nationaal
® In 1973 in Nederland, 1989 ICVS
® Winnaar van de Stockholm-price 2012 (een soort Nobelprijs voor criminologie!)
• HANS VON HENTIG
® Duitse professor
® Gevlucht uit Nazi-Duitsland naar de VS
® ‘The criminal and his victim’ 1948
® Wordt gezien als de stichter van de victimologie (!!)
o Dat boek wordt gezien als het startpunt van de victimologie, alhoewel het in
hoofdstuk ging over de dader
• ‘Victim precipitation’
® Von Hentig: ‘why in history has everyone always focused on the guy with the big stick, the
hero, the activist, to the neglect of the poor slob who is at the end of the stick, the victim,
the passivist – or maybe, the poor slob (in bandages) isn’t all that much of a passivist
victim – maybe he asked for it?’
® Rol van het slachtoPer bij de totstandkoming van criminaliteit
o Positief: hoe kunnen (potentiële) slachtoPers zichzelf beschermen, zie ook
criminaliteitspreventie
o Negatief: moeten we het slachtoPer de schuld geven van zijn of haar gedrag?
• Victims in the criminal justice system
® The good
o Procedural justice
o Victims rights
o Restorative justice
® The bad
o Victim blaming
o Secondary victimisation
• Circle of crime victims
® Primary victims
® Secondary victims: familie, eerstehulpverleners, …
® Tertiary victims: zagen slachtoPerschap op televisie
• Narrative victimology
® Narrativiteit als de dominante wijze van zelfinterpretatie door slachtoPers
® Het belang van de ontwikkeling van levensverhalen voor slachtoPerschap
® Reactie op slachtoPerschap onderdeel van dit verhaal
® Het proces na slachtoPerschap als ontwikkeling in de tijd, in plaats van herstel naar een
eerdere toestand
® Hervertelling in plaats van herstel
4
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Prof. Pemberton
2023 - 2024
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4
2. Victimology: history and perspectives.............................................................................. 5
2.1. International legal perspectives ............................................................................... 5
2.2. Criminological perspectives .................................................................................... 5
2.3. Social psychological perspectives ........................................................................... 6
2.4. Justice perspectives ................................................................................................ 7
2.5. Clinical psychological perspectives: origins of PTSD ................................................. 9
2.6. Critical perspectives ............................................................................................. 10
2.7. Narrative perspectives .......................................................................................... 11
3. Who is the victim? ........................................................................................................ 12
3.1. Defining the term victim, some and more complexities ........................................... 12
3.2. Circles of victims .................................................................................................. 14
3.3. Primary, secondary and tertiary victimization ......................................................... 14
3.4. The word victim..................................................................................................... 15
3.5. DiPerent perspectives on victimization in academic research: the case of IPV ......... 16
4. Becoming a victim: measurement and risk ..................................................................... 19
4.1. What are crime data sources? ............................................................................... 19
4.2. How can we explain the occurrence of victimization? ............................................. 21
4.3. What do we know about fear of crime and punitiveness?......................................... 23
4.4. What do we know about the risk of victimization of children? .................................. 24
5. The consequences of victimization ................................................................................ 26
5.1. Some general thoughts about consequences of victimization ................................. 26
5.2. Traumatic stress ................................................................................................... 26
5.3. Consequences related to diPerent forms of victimization........................................ 31
6. Reacting to victimization ............................................................................................... 41
6.1. Mechanisms in the reaction to victimization ........................................................... 41
6.2. How we talk about victimization? ........................................................................... 45
6.3. Victimization as an issue, why now?....................................................................... 48
7. Victims in action ........................................................................................................... 53
7.1. A general framework? Agency and communion....................................................... 53
7.2. Action beyond justice processes............................................................................ 54
7.3. Compensation ...................................................................................................... 56
7.4. Apology and forgiveness ........................................................................................ 56
2
, 7.5. Retribution and revenge ........................................................................................ 58
7.6. Procedural justice ................................................................................................. 61
8. Victim policy: restorative justice .................................................................................... 63
8.1. Definition of restorative justice .............................................................................. 63
8.2. Situating restorative justice ................................................................................... 63
8.3. Types of restorative justice .................................................................................... 63
8.4. The process of restorative justice ........................................................................... 64
8.5. Underlying theories of restorative justice ................................................................ 65
8.6. Victims and restorative justice ............................................................................... 69
9. Victim policy: criminal justice in europe ......................................................................... 72
9.1. A brief history of the involvement of european international bodies with the subject of
victims of crime ................................................................................................................ 72
9.2. The contents of the directive and the recommendation how this relates to
victimological knowledge.................................................................................................. 79
10. Victim policy: support and care ................................................................................. 89
10.1. Revisiting a number of topics from previous lectures .............................................. 89
10.2. Typology of victims rights based on three relationships (van dijk) ............................. 91
3
, 1. INTRODUCTION
• Victimology: since when? → 1948
• The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)
® Jan van Dijk (emeritus hoogleraar INTERVICT en voormalig beleidsmaker in Nederland en
de VN)
® Eerste onderzoek in 1966 in VS, vanaf 1972 nationaal
® In 1973 in Nederland, 1989 ICVS
® Winnaar van de Stockholm-price 2012 (een soort Nobelprijs voor criminologie!)
• HANS VON HENTIG
® Duitse professor
® Gevlucht uit Nazi-Duitsland naar de VS
® ‘The criminal and his victim’ 1948
® Wordt gezien als de stichter van de victimologie (!!)
o Dat boek wordt gezien als het startpunt van de victimologie, alhoewel het in
hoofdstuk ging over de dader
• ‘Victim precipitation’
® Von Hentig: ‘why in history has everyone always focused on the guy with the big stick, the
hero, the activist, to the neglect of the poor slob who is at the end of the stick, the victim,
the passivist – or maybe, the poor slob (in bandages) isn’t all that much of a passivist
victim – maybe he asked for it?’
® Rol van het slachtoPer bij de totstandkoming van criminaliteit
o Positief: hoe kunnen (potentiële) slachtoPers zichzelf beschermen, zie ook
criminaliteitspreventie
o Negatief: moeten we het slachtoPer de schuld geven van zijn of haar gedrag?
• Victims in the criminal justice system
® The good
o Procedural justice
o Victims rights
o Restorative justice
® The bad
o Victim blaming
o Secondary victimisation
• Circle of crime victims
® Primary victims
® Secondary victims: familie, eerstehulpverleners, …
® Tertiary victims: zagen slachtoPerschap op televisie
• Narrative victimology
® Narrativiteit als de dominante wijze van zelfinterpretatie door slachtoPers
® Het belang van de ontwikkeling van levensverhalen voor slachtoPerschap
® Reactie op slachtoPerschap onderdeel van dit verhaal
® Het proces na slachtoPerschap als ontwikkeling in de tijd, in plaats van herstel naar een
eerdere toestand
® Hervertelling in plaats van herstel
4
