Rasmussen College
Essentials of Pathophysiology
(NUR2063)
Course Title and Number: Essentials of Pathophysiology(NUR2063)
Exam Title: Final
Exam Date: 2024
Instructor:
Student Name:
Student ID:
Final Examination
180 minutes
Instructions:
1. Read each question carefully.
2. Answer all questions.
3. Use the provided answer sheet to mark your responses.
4. Ensure all answers are final before submitting the exam.
Good Luck!
FINAL EXAM
, Fight or flight hormones
o Epinephrine, cortisol, glucocorticoids
o Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases
o Increased glucose, tachycardia, dilated pupils, high BP
Homeostasis
o A state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to
survive and
function correctly.
Ribosomes
o Site of protein synthesis
Glucagon
o A hormone that is released to raise your glucose levels.
Endocrine system releases
o Hormones
Causes of edema
o Albumin (plasma protein)
o Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
o Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
o Increased capillary permeability
o Lymphatic obstruction
Intracellular fluid-contains what?
o Fluid within the cells
o Potassium and phosphate and magnesium
o Constitutes 2/3 total body fluid.
Extracellular fluid-contains what?
o fluid outside the cells
o contains sodium and chloride and carbon.
o constitutes 1/3 total body fluid.
Hyponatremia-leads to what?
o Cerebral edema may occur with severe or acute hyponatremia.
o Water enters the brain and swelling occurs.
Hypovolemia-leads to what?
o Increase in level of blood solutes, cell shrinkage, and hypotension.
Definitions:
o Contraindication – a reason for a person to not receive a particular
treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful.
o Sign – any physical evidence of a disease
o Symptoms – a physical or mental problem a person experiences
that may indicate
,a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show
on medical
tests.
o Subjective data – information gathered from the client’s point of
view including
symptoms, perceptions, and concerns.
o Objective data – physical data we can observe using our senses.
Normal Ranges:
o Sodium 135-145
o Potassium 3.5-5
o Phosphorus 2.5-4.5
o Chloride 95-100
o Magnesium 1.7-2.2
o *Electrolytes are stored in the bones
Fluid overload: what would this look like in a patient?
o Edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypertension,
polyuria, rapid
weight gain, crackles, bulging fontanelles.
Insensible water loss
o The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured
from the
respiratory system, skin, and water excreted in stool.
o Tachypnea, sweating.
Hypotonic solution
o Lower solute concentrations, causing fluid to shift out.
Isotonic solution
o equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts.
Osmosis
o passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards
higher
concentrations (osmotic pressure)
o movement between the intracellular and interstitial compartments
o Lysis and crenation
ABGs
o pH: 7.35-7.45
o HCO3: 22-26
o PaO2: 80-100
o PaCO2: 45-35
Diffusion
o Electrolytes moving across the capillary wall.
, o movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality leads to what?
o Fluid shifts
What do the lungs do?
o Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.
o Remove carbon and carbonic acids.
o Levels acid base balances
CANCER
Define sepsis.
o The body’s inflammatory response
Best way to prevent infection.
o Hand washing
Histamines-release leads to what?
o Vasodilation
o They release in response to nasal congestion.
Prostaglandins-release leas to what?
o They are released in response to injury or infection and cause
inflammation.
o You would see hives and itchy skin when released.
Signs that Homeostasis may be thrown off.
o Vital signs
Cellulitis-describe…what’s going on?
o A bacterial skin infection where the skin appears red and swollen
and painful. It
usually appears on lower legs but can occur in face and arms.
o Increased blood flow to the area, redness, and more
Anaphylaxis-what’s going on?
o Causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that
can cause you to
go into shock.
o Drop in BP, airways narrowing, rapid/weak pulse, a skin rash.
Passive Immunity
o Breast milk
o Placenta
Active Immunity
o Vaccine
Lymphocytes
o Immune response
Macrophages
o They ingest pathogens.
Essentials of Pathophysiology
(NUR2063)
Course Title and Number: Essentials of Pathophysiology(NUR2063)
Exam Title: Final
Exam Date: 2024
Instructor:
Student Name:
Student ID:
Final Examination
180 minutes
Instructions:
1. Read each question carefully.
2. Answer all questions.
3. Use the provided answer sheet to mark your responses.
4. Ensure all answers are final before submitting the exam.
Good Luck!
FINAL EXAM
, Fight or flight hormones
o Epinephrine, cortisol, glucocorticoids
o Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases
o Increased glucose, tachycardia, dilated pupils, high BP
Homeostasis
o A state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to
survive and
function correctly.
Ribosomes
o Site of protein synthesis
Glucagon
o A hormone that is released to raise your glucose levels.
Endocrine system releases
o Hormones
Causes of edema
o Albumin (plasma protein)
o Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
o Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
o Increased capillary permeability
o Lymphatic obstruction
Intracellular fluid-contains what?
o Fluid within the cells
o Potassium and phosphate and magnesium
o Constitutes 2/3 total body fluid.
Extracellular fluid-contains what?
o fluid outside the cells
o contains sodium and chloride and carbon.
o constitutes 1/3 total body fluid.
Hyponatremia-leads to what?
o Cerebral edema may occur with severe or acute hyponatremia.
o Water enters the brain and swelling occurs.
Hypovolemia-leads to what?
o Increase in level of blood solutes, cell shrinkage, and hypotension.
Definitions:
o Contraindication – a reason for a person to not receive a particular
treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful.
o Sign – any physical evidence of a disease
o Symptoms – a physical or mental problem a person experiences
that may indicate
,a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show
on medical
tests.
o Subjective data – information gathered from the client’s point of
view including
symptoms, perceptions, and concerns.
o Objective data – physical data we can observe using our senses.
Normal Ranges:
o Sodium 135-145
o Potassium 3.5-5
o Phosphorus 2.5-4.5
o Chloride 95-100
o Magnesium 1.7-2.2
o *Electrolytes are stored in the bones
Fluid overload: what would this look like in a patient?
o Edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypertension,
polyuria, rapid
weight gain, crackles, bulging fontanelles.
Insensible water loss
o The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured
from the
respiratory system, skin, and water excreted in stool.
o Tachypnea, sweating.
Hypotonic solution
o Lower solute concentrations, causing fluid to shift out.
Isotonic solution
o equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts.
Osmosis
o passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards
higher
concentrations (osmotic pressure)
o movement between the intracellular and interstitial compartments
o Lysis and crenation
ABGs
o pH: 7.35-7.45
o HCO3: 22-26
o PaO2: 80-100
o PaCO2: 45-35
Diffusion
o Electrolytes moving across the capillary wall.
, o movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality leads to what?
o Fluid shifts
What do the lungs do?
o Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.
o Remove carbon and carbonic acids.
o Levels acid base balances
CANCER
Define sepsis.
o The body’s inflammatory response
Best way to prevent infection.
o Hand washing
Histamines-release leads to what?
o Vasodilation
o They release in response to nasal congestion.
Prostaglandins-release leas to what?
o They are released in response to injury or infection and cause
inflammation.
o You would see hives and itchy skin when released.
Signs that Homeostasis may be thrown off.
o Vital signs
Cellulitis-describe…what’s going on?
o A bacterial skin infection where the skin appears red and swollen
and painful. It
usually appears on lower legs but can occur in face and arms.
o Increased blood flow to the area, redness, and more
Anaphylaxis-what’s going on?
o Causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that
can cause you to
go into shock.
o Drop in BP, airways narrowing, rapid/weak pulse, a skin rash.
Passive Immunity
o Breast milk
o Placenta
Active Immunity
o Vaccine
Lymphocytes
o Immune response
Macrophages
o They ingest pathogens.
